The Sport Consumption in Portugal: Very First Gross Results

The main objective of the present paper is to present a survey designed to describe and to explain the extension and the structure of the demand of sport merchandise and sport services in Portugal. The Portuguese population is questioned for the first time directly on their sport expenditures. The presented survey contributes with representative and quantitative scientific data to understand the economy of sport. The results of this survey will help decision-making in Science, Politics, Economy and Sport.

Measuring the effect of opportunity cost of time on participation in sports and exercise

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Background: There is limited research on the association between opportunity cost of time and sports and exercise due to lack of data on opportunity cost of time. Using a sample of 14142 adults from Health Survey for England (2006), we develop and test a composite index of op-portunity cost of time (to address the current issues with data constraint on opportunity cost of time) in order to explore the relationship between opportunity cost of time and sports participation. Methods: Probit regression models are fitted adjusting for a range of covariates. Opportunity cost of time is measured with two proxy measures: a) composite index (consisting of various indicators of wage earnings) con-structed using principal component analysis; and b) education and employment, approach in the literature. We estimate the relative impact of the composite index compared with current proxy measures, on prediction of sports participation. Findings: Findings suggest that higher opportunity cost of time is associated with increased likelihood of sports participation, regardless of the time intensity of activity or the measure of opportunity cost of time used. The relative impacts of the two proxy measures are comparable. Sports and exercise was found to be positively correlated with income. Another important positive correlate of sports and exercise is participation in voluntary activity. The research and policy implications of our findings are discussed

The Size and Scope of the Sports Industry in the United States

We estimate the economic scope of the sports industry in the United States. Drawing on a variety of data sources, we investigate the economic size of sport participation, sports viewing, and the supply and demand side of the sports market in the United States. Estimates of the size of the sports industry based on aggregate demand and aggregate supply range from $44 to$73 billion in 2005. In addition, participation in sports and the opportunity time cost of attending sporting events are important, but hard to value, components of the industry.sports economics

Economic determinants of sport participation in Poland

Introduction - 1. Literature overview - 2. Dataset and descriptive analysis - 3. Empirical method and research questions - 4. Results - Conclusionssport participation, sport expenditure, household, income, education

Research on Effect of Beijing Post-Olympic Sports Industry to China's Economic Development

AbstractResearch Methods: Using the literature information, discuss research on effect of Beijing post -Olympic sports industry to China's economic development on basis of analyzing the impacts of Olympic Games on host countrys economic development, from the angle of the theory of Olympic economic development. Purpose of research: Hope to offer theoretical basis for reference to China's post-Olympic economic development through the research on the impacts of Olympic Games on host country's economic development. Conclusions: Main industries that Beijing post -Olympic will promote development of China economic are: Sporting Goods Industry, Sports Tourism Industry, Leisure Sports Industry, and the standard of sports consumption and so on. Research Results: Beijing post -Olympic contributes to promote the formation and development of sports industry chain, “Olympic economy” that formed by sports industry will have an important role in promoting China's economic development

The sport consumption in Portugal : survey presentation and discussion

The main objective of the present paper is to present a survey designed to describe and to explain the extension and the structure of the demand of sport merchandise and sport services in Portugal. The Portuguese population is questioned for the first time directly on their sport expenditures. The presented survey contributes with representative and quantitative scientific data to understand the economy of sport. The results of this survey will help decision-making in Science, Politics, Economy and Sport. In the beginning of this paper, the economic and non-economic sport demand determinants are briefly worked out and presented. Subsequently, the entire field research methodology is uncovered. Some results will be available at the international conference. This paper is meant to be one of my background documents for my PhD studies in Sport Science at the German Sports University Cologne, in Germany, being at the same time the content of sport economics research at the Economic Policies Research Unit of the Faculty of Economics and Management of the Minho University in Braga, Portugal

The Specifics of the Sport Product and Their Implications within the Marketing Activity

In the economic sense, the term of sport product describes the sport good or service, offered to the consumer in order to satisfy his need for sport, be it spectator, viewer, active participant or sponsor. The sport product has a series of unique features that differentiate it significantly from the products corresponding to other fields of activity. The present article is presenting those features, starting with the ones corresponding to sport as a human activity, then going to the particularities of the sport consumer behavior and finishing with the characteristics of sport as part of the services sector. For each specific feature there are a series of recommendations for the marketing activity in order to better adapt the offer to the needs and demand of the sport consumer.Sport product, marketing activity, sport consumer behavior, social integration, competition

Electronic sports and traditional sports:a comparative analysis

Abstract. This study studies the relationship between electronic sports and traditional sports in terms of economic characteristics. In recent years, electronic sports or eSports are gradually viewed as a nascent industry. The exponential growth of electronic sports has led to several studies analyzing its relation to traditional sports. In this thesis, their relationship is reviewed under economic terms. In the first chapter, industry background and history of eSports is provided. Next, the growth rate is presented in terms of revenue, audience base, prize pool, and consumer awareness. The three future scenarios of eSports are then introduced. Electronic sports are predicted to take one of the three forms: “as a counterculture or alternative to the modern sport, as part of the hegemony of sport or as the future hegemonic sport”. The feasibility of each scenario is then evaluated, and among the three, the second scenario — as part of the hegemony of sport is considered the most plausible option. The second part of this thesis deals with the previous literature review in the field of the traditional sport. By applying the same standards and theoretical approaches, electronic sports are put under the same examination. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the structure of electronic sport by segments and types of services/ goods that eSports offer to consumers. Prior research in economics analysis on sport and recreation have classified traditional sport as a commodity. Electronic sport, in the same manner, can also be viewed as a commodity. In chapter three, economic characteristics of traditional sports and eSports are compared. One important finding that can be found in this part is the socio-economic factors that affect consumer demand for eSports. On analyzing the determinants of demand for eSports, age, gender, income, employment status are factors with the most influential impact. Time, on the other hand, is regarded as a constraint. In the last part of the thesis, by imposing the two-stage model used by sports economists, the impact of determinants of demand on eSport participation and participation frequency are examined. To gather the data, an online survey is created, and the data is analyzed by using SPSS software (version 25.0). The result resemblances those of traditional sports in prior studies, marking the similarities between the two. One novel finding is the distinction between factors affecting demand for gaming and for eSports. Such a result rules out the inherent stigma of eSports being interchangeable to gaming. In fact, the result strengthens the previous prediction of electronic sports as part of the hegemony of sport. The thesis ends with a summary of findings, limitations of this research, and the call for further research