Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) control strategy for improving avermectin B1a production during fed-batch fermentation on industrial scale (150 m3)

Glucose metabolism plays a crucial role in the process of avermectin B1a biosynthesis. Controlling glucose feeding based on oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was established to improve the efficiency of avermectin B1a  production. The result showed that avermectin B1a production was greatly enhanced by OUR control strategy. In the glucose feeding phase, OUR was maintained at approximate 12 mmol/L/h, which was conducive to avermectin B1a biosynthesis. Using this OUR control strategy, an adequate supply of organic acid precursors produced avermectin B1a 5228 U/mL, which was 22.8% higher than that of the control (batch fermentation, 4256 U/mL) on industrial scale.Key words: Avermectin B1a, glucose feeding, oxygen uptake rate, industrial scale

Insecticide and Growth Regulator Effects on the Leafminer, \u3ci\u3eLiriomyza Trifolii\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in Celery and Observations on Parasitism

The effects of different insecticides were compared on survival and development of the leafminer, L. trifolii, in celery in Michigan and parasitism was assessed in this non- resident population. Avermectin, thiocyclam, and cyromazine effectively controlled L. trifolii larvae or prevented successful emergence as adults. Moderate to high levels of resistance to permethrin and chlorpyrifos were present. Avermectin caused high mortality of all larval stages and no adults successfully emerged. Thiocyclam caused high mortality to all larval stages, but did not affect adult emergence from the surviving larvae. Cyromazine acted most strongly against early stage larvae before visible mines were present, caused little direct mortality of larger larvae, but prevented successful adult emergence. No parasitoids emerged from 2029 larvae collected and reared, in contrast to studies in sites where L. trifolii is a year-round resident

Ivermectin - old drug, new tricks?

Ivermectin is one of the most important drugs in veterinary and human medicine for the control of parasitic infection and was the joint focus of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, some 35 years after its remarkable discovery. Although best described for its activity on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasitic nematodes, understanding of its mode of action remains incomplete. In the field of veterinary medicine, resistance to ivermectin is now widespread, but the mechanisms underlying resistance are unresolved. Here we discuss the history of this versatile drug and its use in global health. Based on recent studies in a variety of systems, we question whether ivermectin could have additional modes of action on parasitic nematodes

Abamectin: an uncommon but potentially fatal cause of pesticide poisoning

Human intoxication with abamectin is not frequently reported. It is an uncommon but potentially fatal cause of pesticide poisoning. In contrast to common organophosphate poisoning the toxic effects of avermectin in humans are not clearly defined. Ingestion of a large dose of avermectin may be associated with life-threatening complications. The therapy for avermectin poisoning is mainly symptomatic and supportive. The prognosis of patients with avermectin poisoning is likely to be favorable unless they are complicated by severe hypotension or aspiration. We hereby report a case with abamectin poisoning with neurological toxicity and respiratory failure which responded to supportive line of therapy

AVERMECTIN PRODUCTION BY SOLID STATE FERMENTATION-A NOVEL APPROACH

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate SSF process for the production of avermectin by Streptomyces avermitilis NRRL 8165 using easily available grains, millets and some agricultural by-product.Methods: Various substrates were screened for their ability to support avermectin production. Different parameters to maximize the yield of avermectin by S. avermitilis NRRL 8165 under SSF were optimized by conventional one factor at a time approach and parameters optimized earlier were adopted for the subsequent study.Results: Sorghum seeds used as solid substrate supported maximum growth and total avermectin production (4.6 mg g-1 dry substrate). The optimum values for maximum avermectin production were: moistening medium containing g l-1 KH2PO4 1; MgSO4.7H2O 0.4, inoculum size 20 % (24 h old culture in yeast extract-malt extract dextrose medium) v/w of initial dry substrate, substrate particle size 0.5 to 4 mm, incubation temperature 28 °C, initial moisture level 105%, incubation period of 15 d, 8 % w/w sucrose and 5% w/w soyameal. The avermectin yield with optimized fermentation condition was 5.8 mg g-1 dry substrate which is 1.3 fold higher as compared to non-optimized condition.Conclusion: Avermectin produced by S. avermitilis are widely used as an anthelmintic agent in the medical, veterinary and agricultural applications. In comparison with submerged fermentation, SSF can become an alternative cost-effective method for the production of avermectin. This report demonstrates the feasibility of employing agro-based substrate, that could reduce antibiotics production cost

First Record of \u3ci\u3eAphis Helianthi\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Aphididae) as a Pest of Celery

In 1989, the aphid Aphis helianthi severely damaged five of 10 scouted celery fields in west central Michigan. In 1990 and in 1991, A. helianthi again was a problem. reaching pestiferous levels in three of 10 and two of 10 scouted fields. respectively. This insect has not been reported previously as a pest of celery or any other commercial crop. Insecticide efficacy studies showed that some of the most commonly used insecticides are ineffective against A. helianthi. Resistance or tolerance to insecticides may explain its new status as a pest

How to improve Drenchrite

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of DrenchRite and how it relates to faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) will lead to clearer interpretation of DrenchRite results and a better perspective on both tests. In previous studies efficacy was estimated for worms resistant to BZ, LEV and BZILEV combinations by FECRT, DrenchRite and post mortem worm counts. Correlations of in vivo efficacy with FECRT determined by them were: Trichostrongylus colubriformis 88%, Ostertagia circumcincta 56% and Haemonchus contortus 69%. The low correlation for O. circumcincta was associated with the variability in estimating species composition when O. circumcincta was present at low levels. Correlations of DrenchRite with in vivo efficacy were: O. circumcincta 87%, T. colubriformis 82% and H. contortus 80%. The correlation between resistance determined by Larval Development Assay (LDA) and FECRT was not high at 61% (averaged over drugs and species). Similar data for Macrocyclic Lactones (ML) resistant worms are not yet available. Previous studies have shown for some LDA systems that eggs are more likely to be inhibited in development to L3s early (2-3 weeks post infection (PI)) and late (beyond 10 weeks PI) after infection and are most resilient to the effect of drugs at about 7 weeks PI. No systematic changes in DrenchRite results were observed over age of worm infection when tested weekly for 2 to 14 week old worms. Large bowel worms of sheep have not generally been examined under LDA conditions so a study was undertaken to determine the LD50s of susceptible Oesophagostomum columbianum (nodule worm) and Chabertia ovina (large mouthed bowel worm) on DrenchRite plates. LD50s for BZ and LEV were approximately 0.04 and 0.8 uM respectively for both worms. For the ML O. columbianum had a much higher LD50 (45 nM) than C. ovina (8 nM). In relation to the other common sheep worms, development characteristics of C. ovina in LDA is like H. contortus while O. columbianum is more like O. circumcincta. Both large bowel worms were very sensitive to BZILEV combinations, with LD50s 4 to 8 fold lower than those observed for H. contortus and O. circumcincta

Systems development: quality and safety of organic livestock products

Overview of fourth SAFO Workshop: . Ninety-eight delegates from 19 countries attended the 4th SAFO Workshop. Previous Workshops had focused on the production system but the plenary papers at this meeting focused specifically on food quality and safety of organic livestock products. The Workshop programme contained five formal plenary sessions including poster presentations, working group discussions and a field visits to a range of organic livestock farms. The plenary sessions had a total of 21 presentations (which can be viewed on the SAFO website) and focused on the following aspects of quality and safety of organic livestock products: Plenary 1. Perspectives of different stakeholders Plenary 2. Research on quality aspects of organic livestock products Plenary 3. Impact of veterinary medicinal inputs on product quality and safety Plenary 4. Research on food safety aspects of organic livestock products Plenary 5. Future development of food safety and quality in organic livestock products . . CONTENTS -------- . Foreword (M. Hovi, M.Walkenhorst, S. Padel) . Acknowledgements . In Memoriam Jan Zastawny - The analysis of forage quality and grasslands utilization for livestock production on organic farms (J. Zastawny, H. Jankowska-Huflejt and B. Wrobel) . Part A: Quality concept and organic livestock products - Quality of organic livestock products (M. Walkenhorst) - Consumer expectations of quality of organic livestock products: how can premiums be justified? (J. Bachmann) - Producer expectations of quality of organic livestock products (R. Fuhrer) Posters: - Organic production and nutrimarketing strategy of ‘Hungaricums’ of animal orgin (V. Szente, G. Tarnavolgyi, Sz. Berke, O. Szigeti and Z. Szakaly) Working Group Reports: - Differences in quality and safety expectations between stakeholders re. organic livestock produce and suggestions on how this can be addressed - Report of the working group discussion on the draft IFOAM principles in relation to animals . Part B: Quality and safety of organic livestock products ORGANIC MILK - Studies comparing the composition of milk produced on organic and conventional dairy farms in th UK (K.A. Ellis, W.G. McLean, D.H. Grove-White, P.J.Cripps, C.V. Howard and M. Mihim) - The influence of the grazing season on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in cow milk fat from Bieszcady Reigion of Poland (K. Sloniewsji, T. Sakowski, A. Jozwik and E. Rembailkowska) - Minimal processing of dairying products (B. Rehberger, P. Eberhand and H.P. Bachmann) Posters: - Aflatoxins in milk (organic and biodymanic) marketed in Florence area (A. Martini, G. Lorenzini, J. Labrada Ching, F. Riccio, F. Cervelin, G. Betti, R.Giannelli and S. Pieri) - The comparison of intensive and extensive pasture feeding for dairy cows on a Bohemian farm (B. Cermak, V. Koukolova, F. Lad and B. Slipka) - Selecting dairy cows for organic farming (W.J. Nauta and H. Bovenhuis) ORGANIC PORK - Carcass yield and meat quality of organic pig production (A. Sundrum) - Salmomonella infection risk associated eith ooutdoor organic pork production (A.N. Jensen and D.B. Baggesen) Posters: - East Balken Swine in Bulgaria- an option for organic production (S.G. Ivanova-Peneva and A. Stoykov) ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION - Enhanced biodiversity and the perceived risk to food safety: Campylobacter and poultry (J. O’Brien, L. Woodward and B.D. Pearce) - Organic egg production in Finland- animal health, welfare and food safety issues (A. Virtala, U. Holma, M. Hovi, M. Aniñen, T. Hyyrynen, L. Rossow, H. Kahiluoto and A. Valros) FOOD SAFETY CONTROL - Assessment of current procedures for animal food production chains and critical control points regarding their safety and quality: preliminary results from the Organic HACCP project (G.S. Wyss and K. Brandt) - Assessing the risk from mycotoxins for the organic food chain: results from Organic HACCP project and other research (G.S. Wyss) Working Group Report: - Food quality research of organic animal products: future research needs and implications for standards . Part C: Veterinary medicinal inputs: Impact on product quality and food safety - Fate of veterinary medicines in the environment (A.B.A. Boxall) - Are antibiotic-resistant bacteria present on organic livestock farms? (E. Pleydell) - Is the doubling of withdrawal time a sufficient measure? Evaluations of Oxytetracycline residue persistence in sheep milk (G. Calaresu, G. Leori, C. Testa, G. Marogna and L. Secchi) - Analysis of disease prevalence and medical treatments in organic dairy herds in the Netherlands (A. Kijstra and J. van derWerf) - Is Orbesel the answer to mastitis on organic farms? (C. Notz) Posters: - The use of an internal test sealant, Orbseal, as prevenative measure for the dry cow period (W. Schaeren and J. Maurer) - Health and welfare in organic animal rearig in Spain: what do the veterinarians who advise organic farms say? (R. Garcia Trujillo and J. Fernandez) - Ruminant health in organic agriculture- a research and development project in Austria (E. Stoger) - Exploring the potential of clinoptilolite for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in orgainic sheep production (D. Zygoyiannis) - WORMCOPS - Worm control in organic production systems for small ruminants in Europe: Towards the implementation of non-chemical sustainable approaches (EU-project: QLK5-CT-2001-1843) (S.M. Thamsborg et al) Working Group Report: - Restricted veterinary inputs in organic systems: how should their use be restricted? . Part D: Other posters - Opportunities for Hungarian organic goat milk producer (O. Szekely and T. Kupai) - Opportunities for the Hungarian organic sheep and deer farmer (T.Kupai and O. Szekely) - Native breeds in organic animal production in Hungary (L. Radics and P. Pusztai) - Limitations to organic livestock production: Turkey as a case study for developing countries (Y. Sayan and M.Polat) - Opening channels of communication between the Associated Candidate Countries and the EU in ecological farming (L. Radics and J. Nagy) . Part E: Report on SAFO messages - Key messages from the EU- funded concerted action network Sustaining Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming- results of a participant consulatation . Part F: Standard development work 4th Report from the SAFO Standard Development Group Preliminary recommendations for the development of organic livestock standards in relation to animal health and food safety-working group feedback . List of delegate

Is emamectin benzoate effective against the different stages of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)?

peer-reviewedThis work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project AGL 2007-66130-C03-02 to P. Medina). F. Amor and P. Bengochea acknowledge the ministry of Education and Culture and the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) for the doctoral fellowships. Special thanks to Syngenta Agro S.A. for their support.The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a major polyphagous pest in greenhouses and open fields worldwide and also a main problem in sweet pepper greenhouses. The effectiveness of the pesticide emamectin benzoate was tested in the laboratory on different stages of S. exigua using different concentrations and uptake routes. After dipping young (48-h-old) S. exigua eggs in emamectin benzoate at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L a.i. the chemical did not exhibit any ovicidal activity. There was, however, progressive neonate mortality at all concentrations, culminating at 72 hours after hatching, when 100% of the larvae from the treated young eggs died. Second and fourth instar S. exigua larvae did not exhibit significant mortality when exposed to the inert surfaces which were treated. In contrast, ingesting a diet contaminated with 0.5 mg/L a.i. of emamectin benzoate caused 100% mortality in L2 and L4 larvae 24 and 72 hours after ingestion, respectively. The LC50 value of the compound against L4 larvae that fed on sprayed sweet pepper leaves for 24 hours was 0.81 mg/L a.i.. When adults were fed on a solution of 0.5 mg/L a.i., there was a reduction in the female and male lifespan of 29.3% and 55.3%, respectively. Fecundity was reduced by more than 99%. These data suggest that emamectin benzoate is not only a useful insecticide when ingested by beet armyworm larvae but it also has ovolarvicidal and adult activity.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovatio