Autonomous Airborne Multi-Rotor UAS Delivery System

Within current combat environments, there is a demand for rapid and extremely precise re-supply missions. Typical combat airdrops require long periods of planning and can produce a large signature in an operating environment which relies on stealth for various mission sets. Team Hermes, made up of four members from the West Point graduating class of 2019, offers a new re-supply method to answer this demand. The design will allow for the delivery of a quadcopter carrying 1.5 pounds of cargo within a 5-meter radius of an impact point on the ground

Mobile system for precise aero delivery with global reach network capability

This paper discusses the current status of the development of the mobile aerial delivery system to be further employed in a variety of different applications. High accuracy of the developed system enables its use in precision troop resupply, precise sensors placement, urban warfare reconnaissance and other similar operations. This paper overviews the overall system architecture and components of the developed aero delivery system itself and then proceeds with describing the current status of integrating it with an advanced deployment platform, unmanned aerial system, to achieve mobility and autonomy of operations. The paper also discusses some other systems in development pursuing similar goals and reviews some novel applications that become possible with the developed aerial delivery system

UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE LOGISTICS: UTILIZING NETWORKED NON-STANDARD APPROACHES AND DECEPTION

Throughout history, many military campaigns, conventional or irregular, have failed when they were not well supported logistically. “ARSOF 2022,” written by Charles Cleveland and appearing in the spring 2013 issue of Special Warfare, states that United States Army Special Operations Forces will be the lead component to conduct unconventional warfare (UW) in the future. However, a 2013 RAND Arroyo Center study, Non-Standard Logistics Support for Unconventional Warfare: Sourcebook for Planning and Capability Development, written by Matthew E Boyer et al. on “non-standard logistics” identified significant gaps in existing doctrine, authorities, training, and other areas that support such operations. While providing recommendations, RAND did not provide specific solutions to the shortcomings. This thesis proposes a general model to conduct UW resupply, and operationalizes this model in the form of a UW logistics planning and execution cycle. The six-step cycle (RANDOM), begins with receipt of mission (R). Next, a multi-categorical UW logistics feasibility assessment (A) occurs. Following this assessment, a non-standard (N) resupply approach is chosen, and a supporting military deception plan (D) is incorporated into the approach. The resupply operation (O) is then executed, and feedback from various sources allows modifications (M) and improvements to the cycle for future resupply operations. This thesis concludes with recommendations for leaders and planners alike and offers a solution to the current lack of existing doctrine surrounding this topic.Major, United States ArmyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

United States Air Force Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): A Delphi Study to Examine Current and Future UAS Autonomous Mission Capabilities

As UAS technology continues to grow and enable increased autonomous capabilities, acquisition and operational decision makers must determine paths to pursue for existing and emerging mission areas. The DoD has published a number of 25-year unmanned systems integration roadmaps (USIR) to describe future capabilities and challenges. However, these roadmaps have lacked distinguishable stakeholder perspectives. Following the USIRs concept, this research focused on UAS autonomy through the lens of UAS subject matter experts (SMEs). We used the Delphi method with SMEs from USAF communities performing day-to-day operations, acquisitions, and research in UAS domains to forecast mission capabilities over the next 20 years; specifically, within the context of increased UAS autonomous capabilities. Through two rounds of questions, the study provided insight to the capabilities SMEs viewed as most important and likely to be incorporated as well as how different stakeholders view the many challenges and opportunities autonomy present for future missions

CERTIFYING AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM TO COMPLETE TASKS CURRENTLY RESERVED FOR QUALIFIED PILOTS

When naval certification officials issue a safety of flight clearance, they are certifying that when the vehicle is used by a qualified pilot they can safety accomplish their mission. The pilot is ultimately responsible for the vehicle. While the naval safety of flight clearance process is an engineering based risk mitigation process, the qualification process for military pilots is largely a trust process. When a commanding officer designates a pilot as being fully qualified, they are placing their trust in the pilot's decision making abilities during off nominal conditions. The advent of autonomous systems will shift this established paradigm as there will no longer be a human in the loop who is responsible for the vehicle. Yet, a method for certifying an autonomous vehicle to make decisions currently reserved for qualified pilots does not exist. We propose and exercise a methodology for certifying an autonomous system to complete tasks currently reserved for qualified pilots. First, we decompose the steps currently taken by qualified pilots to the basic requirements. We then develop a specification which defines the envelope where a system can exhibit autonomous behavior. Following a formal methods approach to analyzing the specification, we developed a protocol that software developers can use to ensure the vehicle will remain within the clearance envelope when operating autonomously. Second, we analyze flight test data of an autonomous system completing a task currently reserved for qualified pilots while focusing on legacy test and evaluation methods to determine suitability for obtaining a certification. We found that the system could complete the task under controlled conditions. However, when faced with conditions that were not anticipated (situations where a pilot uses their judgment) the vehicle was unable to complete the task. Third, we highlight an issue with the use of onboard sensors to build the situational awareness of an autonomous system. As those sensors degrade, a point exists where the situational awareness provided is insufficient for sound aeronautical decisions. We demonstrate (through modeling and simulation) an objective measure for adequate situational awareness (subjective end) to complete a task currently reserved for qualified pilots

The viability of 'embedded Ethics' in robotic military systems without humans in the decision loop

Presentation at the "Zagreb Applied Ethics Conference 2017: The Ethics of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence". Matica hrvatska - ZAGREB, CROATIA. 5-7 JUNE, 2017.The social regulation of robotic systems with some elements of inbuilt artificial intelligence, and capable of interacting with the physical world without human control, poses challenges of extraordinary complexity. In particular, when their characteristics make them suitable for being used in military operations as autonomous devices under specific conditions. My purpose is to do a case-study research about the viability of some elements of "embedded Ethics" in different devices, with built-in sensors and a variable range of functionality, starting with Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS). Based on the revision of recent literature and prototypes, the expected results should give a clearer perspective about the viability of 'embedded Ethics' instructions in the programming of intelligent robotic systems, including those intended for military use. As a preliminary conclusion, the heterogeneity of designs, lethal capacity and degrees of functional complexity in operational contexts –highly unpredictable-, reinforces the importance of preserving human intervention in the decision loop, when the lapse for the sequence of decisions makes it possible. [Additional references available in: http://sl.ugr.es/zaec2017]La regulación social de los sistemas robóticos con elementos de inteligencia artificial incorporados, y capaces de interactuar con el mundo físico sin control humano, plantea desafíos de extraordinaria complejidad. En particular, cuando sus características los hacen aptos para ser utilizadas en operaciones militares como dispositivos autónomos bajo condiciones específicas. Mi propósito es realizar una investigación de casos relevantes para estudiar la viabilidad de algunos elementos de "ética embebida" en diferentes dispositivos, con sensores incorporados y rango variable de funcionalidad, comenzando con los sistemas de armas autónomas (AWS). Una revisión de la literatura reciente y de diversos prototipos en desarrollo podría ofrecer una perspectiva más clara sobre la viabilidad de instrucciones éticas incorporadas en la programación de sistemas robóticos inteligentes, incluidos los destinados al uso militar. Como conclusión preliminar, la heterogeneidad de los diseños, capacidad letal y grados de complejidad funcional en contextos operativos -muy impredecibles- refuerzan la importancia de preservar la intervención humana en el bucle de decisión, cuando el lapso de la secuencia de decisiones lo hace posible. [Additional references available in: http://sl.ugr.es/zaec2017]Supported by R+D Project [ref. FFI2016-79000-P]: "Artificial Intelligence and moral bio-enhancement. Ethical aspects" (IP: F.D. Lara). State Program for the Promotion of Scientific and Technical Research of Excellence, Subprogram of Knowledge Generation. Oct. 2016 - Sept. 2019

Terrorist and Insurgent Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Use, Potentials, and Military Implications

This manuscript focuses on the present threat posed by terrorist and insurgent use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as well as associated future threat potentials. This work presents a counterintuitive analysis in the sense that armed drones are typically viewed as a component of America’s conventional warfighting prowess—not a technology that would be used against U.S. troops deployed overseas or against civilians back home. The emerging threat of such UAV use against the United States is investigated, and the unique analysis and creative approach related to the threat scenario variants generated are very informative. Hopefully, the larger implications posed by this analysis related to semi-autonomous and autonomous UAV type robotic systems will be of benefit.https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_facbooks/1050/thumbnail.jp

A systems approach to Vertical Take-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle design for interoperability

The capabilities of ‘Unmanned Systems’ (USs) are presently at various stages of technological development and in-service trials. The induction of USs in future ‘Network-Centric Warfare’ (NCW) requires interoperability, the ability of multiple systems to exchange information, to be addressed for enhanced mission effectiveness. To provide effective in-service induction with low life-cycle costs of operation and support, interoperability is to be addressed in the conceptual design process. The focus of this research is on the conceptual design of ‘Vertical Take-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’ (VTUAVs). The traditional helicopter design methodology was re-visited to encompass interoperability design requirements in the conceptual phase. The research covers the following: (a) Holistic investigation of interoperability issues governing VTUAV operations; (b) System hierarchy development for identification of the mission payload and vehicle components of an interoperable VTUAV; (c) Interoperable architecture development from a ‘Network Centric Operations’ (NCO) perspective; and (d) Verification of the interoperable VTUAV design methodology through a conceptual design exercise – case study on Counter- ‘Improvised Explosive Devices’ (IEDs) operations by VTUAV and UGV. The research updated the interoperable VTUAV design methodology and provided the following key contributions: (a) Identification of pre-emptive and situational mission requirements to maximise mission effectiveness for a stipulated operational need and environment; (b) Mission systems hierarchy and structure for identification of an enhanced mission payload through synergistic integration of on-board and off-board systems; (c) Interoperability architecture that complies with NATO interoperability standards; and (d) Vehicle system hierarchy and structure for design of vehicle components to meet design constraints and the stipulated mission requirements for optimising interoperability. The methodology developed for interoperable VTUAV design provides the avenue to achieve an optimal interoperable conceptual design – critical for integration of systems for NCW and total system effectiveness