Automatic Algorithm Recognition Based on Programming Schemas and Beacons - A Supervised Machine Learning Classification Approach

In this thesis, we present techniques to recognize basic algorithms covered in computer science education from source code. The techniques use various software metrics, language constructs and other characteristics of source code, as well as the concept of schemas and beacons from program comprehension models. Schemas are high level programming knowledge with detailed knowledge abstracted out. Beacons are statements that imply specific structures in a program. Moreover, roles of variables constitute an important part of the techniques. Roles are concepts that describe the behavior and usage of variables in a program. They have originally been introduced to help novices learn programming. We discuss two methods for algorithm recognition. The first one is a classification method based on a supervised machine learning technique. It uses the vectors of characteristics and beacons automatically computed from the algorithm implementations of a training set to learn what characteristics and beacons can best describe each algorithm. Based on these observed instance-class pairs, the system assigns a class to each new input algorithm implementation according to its characteristics and beacons. We use the C4.5 algorithm to generate a decision tree that performs the task. In the second method, the schema detection method, algorithms are defined as schemas that exist in the knowledge base of the system. To identify an algorithm, the method searches the source code to detect schemas that correspond to those predefined schemas. Moreover, we present a method that combines these two methods: it first applies the schema detection method to extract algorithmic schemas from the given program and then proceeds to the classification method applied to the schema parts only. This enhances the reliability of the classification method, as the characteristics and beacons are computed only from the algorithm implementation code, instead of the whole given program. We discuss several empirical studies conducted to evaluate the performance of the methods. Some results are as follows: evaluated by leave-one-out cross-validation, the estimated classification accuracy for sorting algorithms is 98,1%, for searching, heap, basic tree traversal and graph algorithms 97,3% and for the combined method (on sorting algorithms and their variations from real student submissions) 97,0%. For the schema detection method, the accuracy is 88,3% and 94,1%, respectively. In addition, we present a study for categorizing student-implemented sorting algorithms and their variations in order to find problematic solutions that would allow us to give feedback on them. We also explain how these variations can be automatically recognized

Fabrication, structure and properties of epoxy/metal nanocomposites

Gd2O3 nanoparticles surface-modified with IPDI were compounded with epoxy. IPDI provided an anchor into the porous Gd2O3 surface and a bridge into the matrix, thus creating strong bonds between matrix and Gd2O3. 1.7 vol.-% Gd2O3 increased the Young’s modulus of epoxy by 16–19%; the surface-modified Gd2O3 nanoparticles improved the critical strain energy release rate by 64.3% as compared to 26.4% produced by the unmodified nanoparticles. The X-ray shielding efficiency of neat epoxy was enhanced by 300–360%, independent of the interface modification. Interface debonding consumes energy and leads to crack pinning and matrix shear banding; most fracture energy is consumed by matrix shear banding as shown by the large number of ridges on the fracture surface