Creating New Ventures: A review and research agenda

Creating new ventures is one of the most central topics to entrepreneurship and is a critical step from which many theories of management, organizational behavior, and strategic management build. Therefore, this review and proposed research agenda is not only relevant to entrepreneurship scholars but also other management scholars who wish to challenge some of the implicit assumptions of their current streams of research and extend the boundaries of their current theories to earlier in the organization’s life. Given that the last systematic review of the topic was published 16 years ago, and that the topic has evolved rapidly over this time, an overview and research outlook are long overdue. From our review, we inductively generated ten sub-topics: (1) Lead founder, (2) Founding team, (3) Social relationships, (4) Cognitions, (5) Emergent organizing, (6) New venture strategy, (7) Organizational emergence, (8) New venture legitimacy, (9) Founder exit, and (10) Entrepreneurial environment. These sub-topics are then organized into three major stages of the entrepreneurial process—co-creating, organizing, and performing. Together, the framework provides a cohesive story of the past and a road map for future research on creating new ventures, focusing on the links connecting these sub-topics

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationThe prevailing perspective that leaders are the main agents of influence of followers’ behavior is an overly simplistic and incomplete assessment of the interactions between leaders and followers. The present research attempts to “reverse the lens” and establish that subordinates can and do significantly influence managers’ behaviors. Specifically, I focus on how the power of a subordinate influences a manager’s self-interested behaviors. Additionally, I explore the perceived necessity of a leader as a context where a manager’s behavior may be particularly susceptible to granting subordinates’ requests. Results indicate that the salience of a high-power subordinate, as compared to a low-power subordinate, influences managers to engage in less self-interested behaviors and be more susceptible to granting subordinates’ requests in an attempt to maintain their identity and influence as a leader. I examine this phenomenon through a series of seven experiments

Reflection Revisited: Perceptions of Reflective Practice in Fashion Learning and Teaching

Led by Schön and others, reflective practice has been widely explored in the last twenty years; however the kinds of practices focussed on have primarily been those in written format. The inclusion of Personal Development Planning activities (also known as Personal and Professional Development, or PPD) in higher education courses has reinforced both the importance of reflection and of textual expression. Core modes of learning in the creative arts are not text based, however, and the tension between writing and practice is familiar territory for debate. In Spring 2006, a small scale research project was conducted at The London College of Fashion (LCF) with staff and students on fashion courses. Its main goal was to examine perceptions of critical reflection, whether this is taught, how expressed, the extent to which it is measured and student responses to it. In addition, it considered the presence of the emotions in the fostering of reflective practice. This paper reports on both the project methodology and findings and raises questions about the ways in which critical reflection is currently stimulated in fashion learning which may have some resonance for other disciplines also

Talking Politics?:Educational Category Salience Reinforces Differences in People's Willingness to Participate in Deliberative Initiatives

Against the background of an ever-growing body of literature that documents educational differentials in different forms of political participation, scholars have started to study whether education itself becomes the object of intergroup behavior. Informed by social identity theory and self-categorization theory, we examine whether making educational categories and the associated status differences salient affects people's prospective political participation. Two large survey experiments carried out in samples from Flanders (Belgium; N = 1,097) and the United States (N = 629) were used to assess categorization effects of education on people's willingness to participate in deliberative political-participation initiatives. In general, our results indicated that rendering educational categories salient increased educational differentials in prospective political participation in a way that is disadvantageous to the less educated. We elaborate on the implications of our findings

Teaching Crossroads: 10th IPB Erasmus Week

This is the fourth number of a project which started in 2011 when the idea of publishing the lectures delivered by guest teachers in our Erasmus Week came up. This annual event is organised by the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB) and takes place normally in the beginning of May. The title was not difficult to find as the main purpose with this publication was to include every research and teaching areas fitting a multidisciplinary journal with a very specific European approach, however centred in Portugal, at the IPB. Therefore Teaching Crossroads was born aiming at reaching the largest number of readers within both the Portuguese and the international academic community. In the first three years of publication, we published more than 30 articles including areas as different as business sciences and law, agricultural sciences and natural resources, chemistry, multimedia, tourism, nursing and health care, economics, education, information technology and applied sciences, but yet so far-reaching. Always intending to improve the quality and rigour of this journal, the two last numbers have already been peer-reviewed. This is now the number regarding the 10th Erasmus Week that took place in May 2014. This year, the focus of our attention is placed on Education and Chemistry. Concerning the whole publication, we present you with a brief description of each article. Astrid Ebenberger focuses on the Austrian Educational system, demonstrating how it has been influenced by early 20th century pedagogues, namely Ellen Key, Maria Montessori and Helen Parkhurst, whose ideas and actions became paramount in the transformation of the educational system in Austria. The author also puts forth an outline of further developments of teacher education, drawing some critical guidelines regarding the sustainability of the Austrian education system in the future. Cláudia Martins, who lectures a seminar on the Portuguese language and culture to the guest teaching and non-teaching staff during our Erasmus Weeks, enlightens us about cognitive linguistics, particularly focusing on figurative language and tropes. Metaphors are here the crux of the matter and the author shows how they are omnipresent in languages in our daily lives. That is, one needs to understand metaphors as conceptual sources that reveal crucial for the understanding of the semantic meaning of both synchronic and diachronic cultural and social categories and concepts that define human experience and therefore language. The author focuses on the area of Portuguese food expressions serving us delightful metaphors, getting our taste buds tingling at the Portuguese language and culture. Kamil Mielnik gives us an account of the Polish gymnasium, 3rd Cycle of Basic Education or junior high school, for pupils aged 13 to 16, with regard to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), while he also describes formative assessment and its features, as well as the European Language Portfolio, explaining ultimately how the latter can strongly support self-regulated learning in Polish Gymnasium. Katarzyna Morena deals with a very common problem as far as learning a new language is concerned, that is language anxiety. The author focuses on the speaking skill by highlighting problems and effects associated with speaking in front of the others, either in a formal or informal context. In the study the author carried out, some strategies are presented so that teachers can teach their students how to overcome anxiety problems. Elżbieta Wojaczyńska demonstrates in her article how the area of organic chemistry can appear to be fairly pertinent in our daily lives be it, for instance, on pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or agrochemical industries. Even though we’re not aware of it or never question the existence of the product compounds, this is of the utmost importance for health issues. Therefore, the author focuses on the methods of preparation of nonracemic sulfoxides and examples of their various applications in asymmetric synthesis as chiral substrates and inducers, organocatalysts or in complexes with different metals. We would like to seize the opportunity to thank all the contributors that so far have participated in the consolidation of Teaching Crossroads, namely authors and reviewers. It is also worth mentioning the helpful and valuable work of Soraia Maduro, the designer of the most appealing and well-adjusted cover, and Atilano Suarez who sets the book layout in a very perfectionist way. Being all said, we are once more proud of making interesting and relevant studies available to the academic community, not only to the IPB, but also to the rest of the European and other international universities, IPB partners in the educational promotion and cooperation. Therefore, we wish you a very enjoyable and meaningful readin

O-CDIO : Engineering Education Framework with Embedded Design Thinking Methods

Technology and its applications have an ever-increasing role in our daily lives. Healthcare, logistics, commerce, manufacturing, and even social interaction, all have aspects of technology embedded in them. The complexity and importance of the technical systems we use varies, yet they are becoming increasingly versatile and more important to the functionality of entire systems and their services. At the same time, the complexity of understanding the future needs of the role that technology plays in such systems and what they are supposed to deliver varies from linear to chaotic. This has had a fundamental impact on the engineering profession. The more complicated, complex or even chaotic a system is, the more innovative and cooperative an engineer needs to be. Thus, engineers also need to understand people. This thesis presents a novel engineering education model, O-CDIO, which is based on an existing framework known as the CDIO framework. The O-CDIO model is derived from the results of the university level engineering education reform enacted in a multidisciplinary science university in Northern Europe, and from the scientific discourse within the domain of the engineering education research and literature. The timeline for the research was fall 2011 to fall 2015. The model that was developed emphasizes the need to educate engineers to become problem definers in addition to educating them to become problem solvers. This can be achieved by integrating human-centered design thinking methods and challenges into engineering courses from day one to graduation. The results of the piloted courses in the reform process show that transferable working life skills, such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, prototyping skills, and tolerance towards ambiguity, were enhanced. These skills are widely seen as necessary for future engineering. The preliminary results also show that the courses provide an opportunity for self-discovery, increased self-efficacy, and result in an increase in entrepreneurial thinking. There were clear limitations to this research. The piloted courses had no control groups. The reflections on and comparisons of the results were achieved by considering the results of similar studies and the literature. Although some of the courses were run for three consecutive years, this research has very little longitudinal evidence. Future research should focus on implementation of the O-CDIO model as a whole, with longitudinal research set as one of its goals.Teknologian rooli maailmanlaajuisesti verkottuneessa teollisuudessa ja yhteiskunnassa on merkittävä ja ennustettavissa olevan tulevaisuuden ajan myös kasvussa. Se on myös enenevissä määrin sekä monimutkainen että moniulotteinen. Terveydenhuolto, teollisuus, koulutus, liikenne, ja internet, jopa sosiaalinen kanssakäyminen ovat esimerkkejä aloista ja ilmiöistä jotka ovat jollain tavalla riippuvaisia niiden sisältämän tekniikan toimivuudesta. Samaan aikaan teknologioiden ja tekniikan roolin ymmärtäminen sen eri konteksteissa on haastavampaa. Tekniikalla ei ole itsetarkoitusta. Sen tehtävä on aina palvella. Tämä asettaa uudenlaisia haasteita diplomi-insinööreille ja heidän kouluttamiselle. Tekniikan koulutus yliopistotasolla on maailmanlaajuisesti kyennyt vastaamaan sille asetettuihin haasteisiin. Tosin lähes poikkeuksetta muutos on syntynyt ulkoisen muutostarpeen aiheuttamana. Mitä monimutkaisemmaksi ja moniulotteisemmaksi tekniikalle ja teknologioille asetetut vaatimukset kehittyvät sitä monipuolisemmaksi pitää myös koulutuksen muuttua. Tämä tutkimus ja tieteellinen raportti perustuu suomalaisessa monialayliopistossa tapahtuneeseen tekniikan koulutuksen muutosprosessiin, tuloksiin sen aikana pilotoiduista kursseista ja alan kirjallisuuteen. Tutkimuksen tuloksena syntyi tekniikan koulutuksen malli joka johdettiin edellä mainituista tutkimuksen tuloksista, olemassa olevasta tekniikan koulutusmallista nimeltä CDIO ja kirjallisuudesta. Mallin ydinidea on kouluttaa diplomi-insinööreistä ongelmanhahmottajia ongelmanratkaisijoiden lisäksi. Tämä tapahtuu integroimalla ihmis- ja käyttäytymistieteisiin perustuvia opettamismetodeja läpi koko koulutuksen ensimmäisestä päivästä valmistumiseen asti. Reformin aikana tehdyt tutkimukset osoittivat että opettamismetodit saavuttivat niille asetetut oppimistavoitteet. Työelämätaidot kuten viestintä-, ryhmätyö-, ongelmanratkaisu- ja prototypointitaidot lisääntyivät. Alustavat tulokset myös osoittivat että opiskelijoiden reflektointikyky ja positiivinen suhtautuminen yrittäjyyteen lisääntyivät. Lisätutkimuksen tarve aiheeseen liittyen on ilmeinen. Tutkituissa kursseissa ei ollut mahdollista käyttää kontrolliryhmiä eikä O-CDIO mallia ole missään vaiheessa testattu kokonaisuudessaan. Lisäksi pitkän ajan vaikutuksia ei voitu tutkimuksen ajallisista kestosta johtuen testata. Pisimpään samanlaisena pysyneeltä kurssilta saatiin tutkimusaineistoa kolmelta eri vuodelta. Lisäksi tämän raportin kirjoittaja vastasi myös lähes poikkeuksetta tutkittujen kurssien ideoinnista, kehittämisestä ja opettamisesta. Tämä on otettu analyysivaiheessa huomioon mutta silti vaikuttaa tutkimustuloksiin. Luonnollinen lisätutkimuksen aihe on tutkia O-CDIO mallia kokonaisuudessaan todellisessa tekniikan koulutuksen kehyksessä ja riittävällä aikajänteellä.Siirretty Doriast

The doctoral research abstracts. Vol:10 2016 / Institute of Graduate Studies, UiTM

Foreword: Congratulations to Institute of Graduate Studies on the continuous efforts to publish the 10th issue of the Doctoral Research Abstracts which showcases the research carried out in the various disciplines range from science and technology, business and administration to social science and humanities. This issue captures the novelty of research contributed by seventy (70) PhD graduands receiving their scrolls in the UiTM’s 85th Convocation. As of October 2016, this year UiTM has produced 138 PhD graduates soaring from125 in the previous year (2015). It shows that UiTM is in the positive direction to achive the total of 1200 PhD graduates in 2020. To the 70 doctorates, I would like it to be known that you have most certainly done UiTM proud by journeying through the scholarly world with its endless challenges and obstacles, and by persevering right till the very end. This convocation should not be regarded as the end of your highest scholarly achievement and contribution to the body of knowledge but rather as the beginning of embarking into more innovative research from knowledge gained during this academic journey, for the community and country. This year marks UiTM’s 60th Anniversary and we have been producing many good quality graduates that have a major impact on the socio-economic development of the country and the bumiputeras. As alumni of UiTM, we hold you dear to our hearts. We sincerely wish you all the best and may the Almighty guide you to a path of excellence and success. As you leave the university as alumni we hope a new relationship will be fostered between you and the faculty in soaring UiTM to greater heights. “UiTM Sentiasa di Hati Ku” / Prof Emeritus Dato’ Dr Hassan Said Vice Chancellor Universiti Teknologi MAR

Pitching Power: Increasing Alternatives Through Signals in New Venture Funding

New firms face challenging financing markets due to their liabilities of newness (Stinchcombe & March, 1965). As a result, entrepreneurs must seek out alternative financing avenues (Berger & Udell, 1998) and surrender equity to investors to receive funds needed for growth. Entrepreneurs use the business pitch as their primary tool to present their value proposition to investors through a combination of storytelling and sensegiving (Lounsbury & Glynn, 2001). The content of a business pitch can be crafted in a way that delivers a favorable impression of the opportunity and the entrepreneurial team (Pollack et al., 2012). What has not been investigated is whether signals sent through the business pitch can improve an entrepreneur's negotiating position. This analysis builds on prior research relating to entrepreneurial pitching behaviors and decision making (Thompson, 2014; Ellsberg, 1961) by focusing on the unexplored relationship between an entrepreneur's signals and deal structure. At the stage of a business pitch, the entrepreneur must selectively communicate information (in a finite amount of time) about themselves and the opportunity as there is asymmetric information about the opportunity (signaling theory) in a way that makes their opportunity attractive to investors, potentially creating more than one investor alternative for the entrepreneur to select reducing dependency on a single investor and their proposed deal terms (power-dependence theory). The determinants of venture quality (human capital, social capital, intellectual capital, and financial capital) were theorized to increase the quantity of investor alternatives, and subsequently improve the negotiating position of the entrepreneur. In addition, the relationship between high venture quality signals and the number of investor alternatives was theorized to be moderated by the signal characteristics of cost and honesty. Though support was not found for these hypotheses based on the selected dataset used in the empirical portion of the study, qualitative responses obtained by entrepreneurs and limitations that came to light when analyzing the dataset create the need for further research on the topic. The computer-aided text analysis linguistic dictionaries and framework established for this investigation provide a model to be utilized in these future studies

Go-with-the-flow: Tracking, Analysis and Sonification of Movement and Breathing to Build Confidence in Activity Despite Chronic Pain

Chronic (persistent) pain (CP) affects one in ten adults; clinical resources are insufficient, and anxiety about activity restricts lives. Technological aids monitor activity but lack necessary psychological support. This paper proposes a new sonification framework, Go-with-the-Flow, informed by physiotherapists and people with CP. The framework proposes articulation of user-defined sonified exercise spaces (SESs) tailored to psychological needs and physical capabilities that enhance body and movement awareness to rebuild confidence in physical activity. A smartphone-based wearable device and a Kinect-based device were designed based on the framework to track movement and breathing and sonify them during physical activity. In control studies conducted to evaluate the sonification strategies, people with CP reported increased performance, motivation, awareness of movement and relaxation with sound feedback. Home studies, a focus group and a survey of CP patients conducted at the end of a hospital pain management session provided an in-depth understanding of how different aspects of the SESs and their calibration can facilitate self-directed rehabilitation and how the wearable version of the device can facilitate transfer of gains from exercise to feared or demanding activities in real life. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings on the design of technology for physical rehabilitation