Classification of Arrhythmia by Using Deep Learning with 2-D ECG Spectral Image Representation

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most extensively employed signals used in the diagnosis and prediction of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The ECG signals can capture the heart's rhythmic irregularities, commonly known as arrhythmias. A careful study of ECG signals is crucial for precise diagnoses of patients' acute and chronic heart conditions. In this study, we propose a two-dimensional (2-D) convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the classification of ECG signals into eight classes; namely, normal beat, premature ventricular contraction beat, paced beat, right bundle branch block beat, left bundle branch block beat, atrial premature contraction beat, ventricular flutter wave beat, and ventricular escape beat. The one-dimensional ECG time series signals are transformed into 2-D spectrograms through short-time Fourier transform. The 2-D CNN model consisting of four convolutional layers and four pooling layers is designed for extracting robust features from the input spectrograms. Our proposed methodology is evaluated on a publicly available MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset. We achieved a state-of-the-art average classification accuracy of 99.11\%, which is better than those of recently reported results in classifying similar types of arrhythmias. The performance is significant in other indices as well, including sensitivity and specificity, which indicates the success of the proposed method.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, accepted for future publication in Remote Sensing MDPI Journa

Deep Learning in Cardiology

The medical field is creating large amount of data that physicians are unable to decipher and use efficiently. Moreover, rule-based expert systems are inefficient in solving complicated medical tasks or for creating insights using big data. Deep learning has emerged as a more accurate and effective technology in a wide range of medical problems such as diagnosis, prediction and intervention. Deep learning is a representation learning method that consists of layers that transform the data non-linearly, thus, revealing hierarchical relationships and structures. In this review we survey deep learning application papers that use structured data, signal and imaging modalities from cardiology. We discuss the advantages and limitations of applying deep learning in cardiology that also apply in medicine in general, while proposing certain directions as the most viable for clinical use.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, 10 table

ECG Arrhythmia Classification Using Transfer Learning from 2-Dimensional Deep CNN Features

Due to the recent advances in the area of deep learning, it has been demonstrated that a deep neural network, trained on a huge amount of data, can recognize cardiac arrhythmias better than cardiologists. Moreover, traditionally feature extraction was considered an integral part of ECG pattern recognition; however, recent findings have shown that deep neural networks can carry out the task of feature extraction directly from the data itself. In order to use deep neural networks for their accuracy and feature extraction, high volume of training data is required, which in the case of independent studies is not pragmatic. To arise to this challenge, in this work, the identification and classification of four ECG patterns are studied from a transfer learning perspective, transferring knowledge learned from the image classification domain to the ECG signal classification domain. It is demonstrated that feature maps learned in a deep neural network trained on great amounts of generic input images can be used as general descriptors for the ECG signal spectrograms and result in features that enable classification of arrhythmias. Overall, an accuracy of 97.23 percent is achieved in classifying near 7000 instances by ten-fold cross validation.Comment: Accepted and presented for IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems (BioCAS) on 17th-19th October 2018 in Ohio, US

Transfer learning in ECG classification from human to horse using a novel parallel neural network architecture

Automatic or semi-automatic analysis of the equine electrocardiogram (eECG) is currently not possible because human or small animal ECG analysis software is unreliable due to a different ECG morphology in horses resulting from a different cardiac innervation. Both filtering, beat detection to classification for eECGs are currently poorly or not described in the literature. There are also no public databases available for eECGs as is the case for human ECGs. In this paper we propose the use of wavelet transforms for both filtering and QRS detection in eECGs. In addition, we propose a novel robust deep neural network using a parallel convolutional neural network architecture for ECG beat classification. The network was trained and tested using both the MIT-BIH arrhythmia and an own made eECG dataset with 26.440 beats on 4 classes: normal, premature ventricular contraction, premature atrial contraction and noise. The network was optimized using a genetic algorithm and an accuracy of 97.7% and 92.6% was achieved for the MIT-BIH and eECG database respectively. Afterwards, transfer learning from the MIT-BIH dataset to the eECG database was applied after which the average accuracy, recall, positive predictive value and F1 score of the network increased with an accuracy of 97.1%

Klasifikasi Arritmia pada Sinyal EKG menggunakan Deep Neural Network

Abstrak Penelitian yang dikembangkan saat ini memfokuskan klasifikasi sinyal Electrokardiogram (EKG) pada gangguan arritmia detak jantung. Monitoring ini bertujuan agar dapat menjadi penanganan dini terhadap berbagai jenis gangguan arritmia. Klasifikasi yang diajukan dapat mengklasifikasi 9 jenis gangguan arritmia dengan menggunakan metode Deep Neural Network (DNN). Teknik preprosessing data pada sinyal EKG sebelum proses klasifikasi, yaitu segmentasi, normalisasi menggunakan normalize bound, dan fitur extraction dengan menggunakan autoencoder. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode yang digunakan mendapatkan nilai akurasi yang sangat baik sebesar 99.62% dan sensitivity about 97.18%. Kata kunci—EKG, Arritmia, Klasifikasi, Deep Neural Network  Abstract The research developed today focuses the classification of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals on heart rate arritmia disorders. This monitoring aims to be an early treatment of various types of arritmia disorders. Using the Deep Neural Network (DNN) process, the proposed classification will identify 9 kinds of arrhythmia disorders. Preprocessing of the ECG signal data technique before the classification process, namely segmentation, normalization using bound normalization, and autoencoder extraction function. Results showed that the system used gained an outstanding 99.62 percent precision value and about 97.18 percent sensitivity. Kata kunci—ECG, Arrhytmia, Classifikation, Deep Neural Networ

An Ensemble of Deep Learning-Based Multi-Model for ECG Heartbeats Arrhythmia Classification

An automatic system for heart arrhythmia classification can perform a substantial role inmanaging and treating cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, a deep learning-based multi-model system is proposed for the classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Two different deep learning bagging models are introduced to classify heartbeats into different arrhythmias types. The first model (CNN-LSTM) is based on a combination of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network to capture local features and temporal dynamics in the ECG data. The second model (RRHOS-LSTM) integrates some classical features, i.e. RR intervals and higher-order statistics (HOS), with LSTM model to effectively highlight abnormality heartbeats classes. We create a bagging model from the CNN-LSTM and RRHOS-LSTM networks by training each model on a different sub-sampling dataset to handle the high imbalance distribution of arrhythmias classes in the ECG data. Each model is also trained using a weighted loss function to provide high weight for not sufficiently represented classes. These models are then combined using a meta-classifier to form a strong coherent model. The meta-classifier is a feedforward fully connected neural network that takes the different predictions of bagging models as an input and combines them into a final prediction. The result of the meta-classifier is then verified by another CNN-LSTM model to decrease the false positive of the overall system. The experimental results are acquired by evaluating the proposed method on ECG data from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The proposedmethod achieves an overall accuracy of 95.81% in the ‘‘subject-oriented’’ patient independent evaluation scheme. The averages of F1 score and positive predictive value are higher than all other methods by more than 3% and 8% respectively. The experimental results show the superiority of the proposed method for ECG heartbeats classification compared to many state-of-the-art methods