Advances in Condition Monitoring, Optimization and Control for Complex Industrial Processes

The book documents 25 papers collected from the Special Issue “Advances in Condition Monitoring, Optimization and Control for Complex Industrial Processes”, highlighting recent research trends in complex industrial processes. The book aims to stimulate the research field and be of benefit to readers from both academic institutes and industrial sectors

A method to estimate optimal renovation period of solar photovoltaic modules

Renewable energy sources are essential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment caused by burning fossil fuels. Using solar photovoltaic installations in recent years means that decision-makers must consider infrastructure renewal decisions. An expenditure framework to achieve the optimal renovation period of photovoltaic modules is proposed here from an economic standpoint. This approach includes not only the investment and maintenance costs but also energy and emissions savings. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using a case study in south-eastern Spain, achieving that the optimal renovation period ranges between 17.0 and 24.7 years. Many factors are studied to identify those with the greatest influence on this indicator. Installing a solar power system is always a profitable choice considering that the installation lifetime is 25 years. Neglecting the influence of these limits may cause potential savings not fully exploited.CRUE-CSICSpringer Natureresearch project "DESENREDA" through the 2021 call "Estancias de movilidad en el extranjero Jose Castillejo" of the Ministerio de Universidades CAS21/00085project "Hi-Edu Carbon" Erasmus Plus Programme, Key Action KA22021, action type 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-00002327

A method to estimate optimal renovation period of solar photovoltaic modules

Renewable energy sources are essential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment caused by burning fossil fuels. Using solar photovoltaic installations in recent years means that decision-makers must consider infrastructure renewal decisions. An expenditure framework to achieve the optimal renovation period of photovoltaic modules is proposed here from an economic standpoint. This approach includes not only the investment and maintenance costs but also energy and emissions savings. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using a case study in south-eastern Spain, achieving that the optimal renovation period ranges between 17.0 and 24.7 years. Many factors are studied to identify those with the greatest influence on this indicator. Installing a solar power system is always a profitable choice considering that the installation lifetime is 25 years. Neglecting the influence of these limits may cause potential savings not fully exploited.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the research project “DESENREDA” through the 2021 call “Estancias de movilidad en el extranjero Jose Castillejo” of the Ministerio de Universidades (CAS21/00085) and for the project “Hi-Edu Carbon” Erasmus Plus Programme, Key Action KA22021, action type (2021–1-SK01-KA220-HED-000023274

Optimal sizing of a hybrid PV-WT-battery storage system: Effects of split-ST and combined ST + ORC back-ups in circuit charging and load following

This study explores the opportunities in deploying split Stirling and combined Stirling and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) in circuit charging and load following dispatch modes, respectively as the back-up of a hybrid renewable energy system. The optimal number of system components in each dispatch mode that simultaneously minimises the loss of power supply probability (LPSP), levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and dumped power have been found by implementing an evolutionary algorithm-based multi-objective optimisation approach. Then, a multi-criteria decision making tool is deployed to select the best configuration from the Pareto set. The optimal hybrid system configuration obtained have been compared to the traditional diesel generator back-up system base case, to demonstrate performance improvements with the deployment of the proposed back-ups. The results show deploying Stirling + ORC back-up in load following leads to 60.70% and 33.71% reductions in the LCOE and CO2 emissions, respectively compared to the base case but with slightly higher LPSP. While 61.4%, 33% and 24.47% reductions in the LCOE, CO2 emissions and LPSP have been observed with the deployment of split Stirling in circuit charging mode. Further results from the dynamic simulation highlight the energy cost, reliability, dumped power and battery performance of the optimal system respond to seasonal changes in the test location. Other observed results show the change in the market price and number of the photo-voltaic generator that generates 50% of the total power, strongly affect the performance of the optimal system. The proposed biomass powered Stirling based back-ups are promising alternatives to replace the traditional diesel generator back-ups in improving the green energy system's reliability

OPTIMIZACIÓN EN DIMENSIONAMIENTO Y CONTROL ENERGÉTICO DE SISTEMAS HÍBRIDOS DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN ECUADOR

La creciente demanda de energía eléctrica referida como factor clave en el desarrollo de la sociedad actual, junto con una industria basada principalmente en hidrocarburos, impulsan el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías renovables que podrían encaminar a un desarrollo sostenible. Por lo tanto, la presente Tesis tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de sistemas híbridos compuestos por energías renovables, su optimización y control energético en el Ecuador. En base a ello, en este documento se han realizado varios estudios donde se analiza el impacto de sistemas híbridos renovables (HRES) compuesto por energía fotovoltaica (PV), turbinas hidrocinéticas (HKT), turbinas eólicas (WT), baterías y gasificadores de biomasa (GB). Las simulaciones de los HRES, en algunos casos se realiza utilizando herramientas computacionales como HOMER Pro y Matlab Simulink. Los resultados demuestran que, al utilizar sistemas renovables conformados por más de una fuente energética son más eficientes con respecto a sistemas con una sola fuente renovable. Esta Tesis también presenta una comparativa entre tres sistemas alternativos para impulsar a un tranvía ubicado en Cuenca - Ecuador. Cada sistema estudia la combinación efectiva de supercondensadores (SC), baterías de iones de litio (LIB) y celdas de combustible de membrana de intercambio de protones (PEMFC) a bordo. El primer sistema trata de la gestión energética de las fuentes renovables (PV/HKT/GB) en conjunto con SC y PEMFC simuladas en HOMER Pro, el segundo sistema utiliza baterías de ion litio como respaldo al sistema anterior mencionado (PV/HKT/GB/SC/PEMFC/LIB). Mientras que el tercer sistema no cuenta con fuentes renovables ya que utiliza energía de la red desde un único punto de carga para abastecer al tranvía, este sistema está formado por (SC/PEMFC/LIB/red eléctrica) haciendo que el tranvía sea completamente autónomo. El análisis energético y económico se basa en la capacidad de cada sistema para abastecer la carga y los recursos utilizados. Los resultados muestran que los nuevos sistemas de control propuestos son siempre capaces de suministrar la potencia que necesita el tranvía durante todo su recorrido. Otro bloque analizado en esta Tesis son los sistemas multienergéticos que, recientemente han sido protagonistas de un creciente interés en este campo. Este tipo de redes involucran diferentes vectores de energía y los trata en su conjunto. Los casos más típicos contemplan subsistemas eléctricos, de gas natural e hidrógeno. Se han realizado múltiples esfuerzos para modelar este tipo de redes para problemas de gestión energética. La sección final de esta Tesis tiene como objetivo desarrollar un modelo de microredes (MG) completo pero manejable y multienergético, que permita representar con precisión la interacción entre los subsistemas eléctricos, de gas natural e hidrógeno. Los resultados muestran que el modelo desarrollado es capaz de representar con precisión el comportamiento operativo de las microrredes multienergéticas, que pueden ser valiosas para múltiples herramientas de investigación y educación aplicadas en estaciones de servicio híbridas.The growing electrical demand considered a key factor in the development of today's society, together with an industry based mainly on hydrocarbons, are driving the development of new renewable technologies that could lead to sustainable development. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze the feasibility of hybrid systems composed of renewable energies, their optimization and energy control in Ecuador. Based on, several studies have been done where the impact of off-grid renewable hybrid systems (HRES) composed of photovoltaic energy (PV), hydrokinetic turbines (HKT), wind turbines (WT), batteries and biomass gasifiers (GB). The simulations of HRES have been done using computational tools such as HOMER Pro and Matlab Simulink. The results have shown that, by using renewable systems made up of more than one energy source simultaneously, the system is more efficient and promising. This work also presents a comparison of three alternative systems to supply the traction power of a tramway in Cuenca - Ecuador. Each system studies the effective combination of supercapacitors (SC), lithium-ion batteries (LIB), and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) on board. The first system deals with the energy management of renewable sources (PV/HKT/GB) in conjunction with SC and PEMFC simulated in HOMER Pro, the second system uses lithium ion batteries as a backup to the above mentioned system (PV/HKT/GB/SC/PEMFC/LIB). While the third system does not consist of renewable sources, using energy from the grid in a single charging point to supply the tramway (SC/PEMFC/LIB/electrical grid) making the tramway completely autonomous. The energy and economic analyzes are based on the capacity of each system to supply the load and the resources used. The results show that the new proposed control systems are always capable of supplying the tramway on its round trip. Another block analyzed in this thesis is the multi-energy systems that, recently, there has been a growing interest in this field. This type of network involves different energy vectors and treats them as a whole. The most typical cases contemplate electrical, natural gas and hydrogen subsystems. Multiple efforts have been made to model this type of network for energy management problems. The final section of this thesis aims to develop a complete but manageable, but multi-energetic, microgrid model (MG) that allows to accurately represent the interaction between the electrical, natural gas and hydrogen subsystems. The results show that the developed model is capable of accurately representing the operational behavior of multi-energy microgrids, which can be valuable for multiple research and education tools applied to hybrid refueling stations.Tesis Univ. Jaén. Departamento De Ingeniería Eléctrica. Leída el 10 de febrero de 2021

The Center for Aerospace Research: A NASA Center of Excellence at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

This report documents the efforts and outcomes of our research and educational programs at NASA-CORE in NCA&TSU. The goal of the center was to establish a quality aerospace research base and to develop an educational program to increase the participation of minority faculty and students in the areas of aerospace engineering. The major accomplishments of this center in the first year are summarized in terms of three different areas, namely, the center's research programs area, the center's educational programs area, and the center's management area. In the center's research programs area, we focus on developing capabilities needed to support the development of the aerospace plane and high speed civil transportation system technologies. In the educational programs area, we developed an aerospace engineering option program ready for university approval