Application of Phase-Controlled Reservoir Prediction Technology in NB Oilfield of Bohai Bay

The shallow oil and gas fields of the Bohai Sea are dominated by fluvial deposition, large lateral variations of the reservoir, and a complex oil-water relationship. Horizontal wells must be deployed within the high quality reservoirs with good physical properties and high permeability so as to improve the productivity of the oil wells. Therefore, the reliability of reservoir prediction becomes extremely important. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing the petrophysical characteristics and seismic response characteristics of the reservoir, we proposed the phase-controlled reservoir prediction technology, which combines reservoir prediction and reservoir cause; studied the distribution law of the high quality reservoirs of the NB Oilfield by using phase-controlled reservoir prediction technology; deployed and drilled the development wells on this basis, and obtained good results.Key words: Fluvial facies; Reservoir prediction; Phase-controlled; Main parameters of seismic wave

Seismic stratigraphy and integrated stratigraphy: new insights and contributions

Different stratigraphic studies have been carried out in this book. First, they include the sequence stratigraphic architecture of siliciclastic- and carbonate-dominated shales in USA and China, focusing on the implications in the reservoir prediction. The sequence stratigraphy of alluvial depositional environments has also been studied, defining a new type of fluvial facies, representative of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is located in Eastern China in extensional tectonic setting. In the northern Taiwan offshore, the main regional unconformities (U1 and U2) and the related seismic units (SU I, SU II, SU III) have been singled out as an answer to the collapse of the fold and thrust belt located in the emerged areas. A new stratigraphic scale for the Jurassic deposits of western Siberia has been constructed based on the correlation of these deposits with the surrounding regions. The theoretical aspects of the stratigraphic unconformities have been reviewed, focusing on the drowning unconformities (Middle Devonian drowning unconformity). The significance of this study is the integration among different aspects of stratigraphy. Most of the work which has been described in this book derives from detailed in situ observations and sophisticated stratigraphic analyses

Chemical enhanced oil recovery and the role of chemical product design

The current and prospective worldwide energy demands have led either to start exploiting the more difficult and costly unconventional oil reserves, or to maximize the exploitation of conventional oil sources. This triggered the development of enhanced oil recovery processes in order to improve the efficiency and lifetime of mature oilfields. Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery is one of the most interesting group of methods nowadays. The use of chemical products such as polymers, surfactants, alkalis and polymeric surfactants has been continuously increasing during the last decades. However, these chemicals should be designed to withstand the harsh conditions present in the reservoir (e.g., dissolved salts, pH, temperature, presence of bacteria) and increase the efficiency of the process. One of the key factors in this development is the (macro)molecules’ architecture and its influence on the physical properties of the fluids being injected: from linear to branched polymers, from monomeric to gemini surfactants. Furthermore, the combination of these chemicals has showed a great potential due to the synergy between them, creating a new spectrum of techniques in chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery. This review presents the work done in this field with an analysis of the products and technologies employed, including their limitations and possible ways to improve their performance. All in all, the need of advanced products for oil recovery and new, or improved, energy sources has set off a new field of research wherein chemical product engineering plays a major role

Application of Power Electronics Converters in Smart Grids and Renewable Energy Systems

This book focuses on the applications of Power Electronics Converters in smart grids and renewable energy systems. The topics covered include methods to CO2 emission control, schemes for electric vehicle charging, reliable renewable energy forecasting methods, and various power electronics converters. The converters include the quasi neutral point clamped inverter, MPPT algorithms, the bidirectional DC-DC converter, and the push–pull converter with a fuzzy logic controller

Diagenetic imprints on reservoir quality, provenance perceptions and paleosalinity conditions of the Miocene Agbada Formation, Niger Delta Basin: a petrographic and geochemical investigation

The main exploration targets for hydrocarbons in the Niger Delta Basin are within the Agbada Formation sandstone reservoirs. Most studies in the Agbada Formation are skewed towards understanding the petroleum system, and this has led to a paucity of datasets on several important subjects, which is a motivation for this research. This investigation utilizes a multi-technical (Thin-section, SEM-MLA, XRD, XRF, ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS) approach to evaluate the petrographic attributes, diagenesis and influence of rare calcite cement on reservoir quality, inorganic geochemical signatures and their significance for unraveling provenance and paleosanity conditions prevalent in the Agbada Formation. Weathering proxies (e.g. CIA, CIX, αᴬˡE), paleoclimatic signatures (e.g., Ga/Rb vs. K₂O/Al₂O₃) and elemental ratios (e.g. La/Co, Cr/Th, Th/Co), including REEs signals (LREE/HREE, flat HREE pattern, Eu/Eu*) diagnostic of provenance for the sandstones and interbedded shales suggests moderate to intense weathering, humid paleoclimatic settings and signatures of sediments derived predominantly from felsic sources. Boron-derived paleosalinometric tools (e.g. equivalent boron, Adam's, Landergren and Carvajal's, and Couch's methods), elemental ratios (e.g. B/Ga, Sr/Ba, and S/TOC) and other proxies sensitive to redox (e.g. Cr, Ni/Co, Mo-EF/U-EF) point to mainly low- saline (brackish) settings with considerable signature inputs from both freshwater and marine water (comparatively lesser), and oxic-suboxic conditions for the interbedded shales. The Agbada sandstones (Q₈₈.₅₈ F₉.₉₉ RF₂.₄₃) are classified as feldspatho-quartzose and quartzose sandstones, with a predominance of quartzose sandstones and their diagenetic signatures reflect low degree of compaction and lack of pervasive cementation, with compaction comparatively posing more influence on porosity, excluding some intervals with considerable cementation (siderite and ferroan calcite) where compactional porosity-loss was minimal. The occurrence of ferroan calcite cement (mainly ferroan) is generally small, probably discontinuous and may generally not pose a substantial barrier to fluid flow, but understanding their localized influence may still contribute to building good reservoir models. Petrographic evidence in the sandstones suggests that calcite cement is an early event, but the shale normalized REE + Y patterns appear to reflect non-seawater patterns, indicating possible contamination (Y/Ho = 36.30 ± 1.35) from clastic or detrital grains that depict fluvial/estuarine influence and/or incorporation of particulate matter that can preferentially scavenge LREEs from the overlying water column. A potential concern during reservoir production is the anticipated production of fines and formation damage linked to the occurrence of clay mineral matrix (mostly kaolinitic), but this can be reduced with appropriate reservoir management

Design and Synthesis of Low Molecular Weight and Polymeric Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Surfactants are defined as molecules able to lower the surface (or interfacial)tension at the gas/liquid, liquid/liquid, and liquid/solid interfaces. Due totheir properties, they are typically employed as detergents, emulsifiers, dispersants,wetting and foaming agents. In chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR), surfactantsare used as flooding agents, alone or in combination with polymers, alkali, and morerecently nanoparticles, to increase the microscopic displacement efficiency. Froma chemical point of view, surfactants are amphiphiles, meaning that they bear intheir structure both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Some naturally occurringsurfactants exists, but the majority are synthetic. The availability of syntheticsurfactants, allows a big variety of structures and properties. In this chapter, the mainclasses of surfactants will be reviewed, with focus on those used or proposed foruse for chemical enhanced oil recovery. After a general introduction about surfactantsand their main structural and physico-chemical properties, specific aspects ofdesign and synthesis will be discussed. Particular emphasis will be given to the mostrecent developments, which includes zwitterionic, gemini and polymeric surfactants.Own work of the author of this chapter in the field of polymeric surfactants will behighlighted

The pore pressure, bulk density and lithology prediction

The pore and fracture pressures are the two most important parameters required for the effective well design. In general, the difference between the two parameters at any given depth dictates the drilling window with no consideration for wellbore stability. While pore pressure prediction from the drilling parameters started in the mid-nineties, very few improvements have been made in these areas when compared to other pore pressure prediction techniques such as seismic and well logs. Pore pressure prediction using the d-exponent method does not consider the effect of bit hydraulic energy on the rate of penetration (ROP). This limits the application of the d-exponent to mostly hard rock environments. Under downhole conditions where the bit hydraulic energy has a significant influence on the ROP (soft rock environments), the d-exponent method may produce inaccurate results. Hence, the primary goal of this research is to develop new pore pressure prediction models from the drilling parameters that incorporate the bit hydraulic energy, making them suitable for any subsurface drilling conditions. The new pore pressure prediction models use the concept of specific energy to predict the onset of overpressure. The concept of specific energy is then extended to the real-time identification of subsurface lithology. Furthermore, overburden pressure is an important input parameter in pore pressure prediction. Inaccurate prediction of overburden pressure may result in the erroneous prediction of pore pressure which can lead to well control and process safety incidents. In areas where density logs are not available, synthetically derived density logs are used for overburden pressure computations. In this research, an attempt is also made to improve the accuracy of pore pressure prediction by improving the accuracy of overburden pressure computation via improvement in density logs prediction. Finally, since pore and fracture pressures are closely related, an attempt is made to develop a new fracture pressure prediction model for the Niger Delta basin

Sandstone Reservoir Quality Studies: geochemistry and mineralogy of modern estuarine sediments as an analogue for ancient deeply, buried sandstone

Sandstone Reservoir Quality Studies: geochemistry and mineralogy of modern estuarine sediments as an analogue for ancient deeply, buried sandstone Understanding sediment depositional mineralogy and texture in sandstones reservoir quality prediction is increasingly challenging, these challenges are compounded in marginal marine settings owing to the to the complex interaction between tidal and riverine processes. The application of sedimentological and diagenetic models often fail to accurately predict reservoir quality in ancient and deep sandstone reservoirs, because the spatial and temporal variability of sandstone compositions are poorly-understood. This study focused on surface sediment (10% detrital coat coverage (within optimum range), and that contain chlorite-bearing lithic grains, can form diagenetic chlorite coats that can preserve anomalously high porosity in inhibiting quarts cementation, in deeply buried sandstone. Furthermore, knowledge of the distribution of minerals and elements is helpful in petroleum exploration and reservoir development in both deep and shallow reservoirs as clays (chlorite) can be good or bad, depending on the amount and the diagenetic setting. It is also of valuable in carbon capture and storage, and geothermal applications

New Advances in Marine Engineering Geology

The ocean is the cradle of life and is rich in natural resources. With the worldwide boom in exploration and application of ocean resources, a dramatically increasing amount of coastal engineering and offshore engineering facilities have been constructed in the last few decades. The rapid development of human economic activities and the global climate change have significant impacts on the marine environment, resulting in frequent geological disasters. Under this circumstance, there is an urgent demand for a platform for scientists and engineers to share their state-of-art research outcomes in the field of Marine Engineering Geology. This book is a collection of a series of articles from the 2nd International Symposium of Marine Engineering Geology (ISMEG 2019), presenting some of the recent efforts made towards marine engineering geology and geotechnics, including theoretical advances, laboratory and field testing, design methods, and the potential for further development of these disciplines