Line broadcasting in cycles

AbstractBroadcasting is the process of transmitting information from an originating node (processor) in a network to all other nodes in the network. A local broadcast scheme only allows a node to send information along single communication links to adjacent nodes, while a line broadcast scheme allows nodes to use paths of several communication links to call distant nodes. The minimum time possible for broadcasting in a network of n nodes when no node is involved in more than one communication at any given time is ⌊ log n⌋ phases. Local broadcasting is not sufficient, in general, for broadcasting to be completed in minimum time; line broadcasting is always sufficient. An optimal line broadcast is a minimum-time broadcast that uses the smallest possible total number of communication links. In this paper, we give a complete characterization of optimal line broadcasting in cycles, and we develop efficient methods for constructing optimal line broadcast schemes

EVERYTHING MUST HAVE ITS PLACE: ACCENT ACCOMMODATION IN MODERN WELSH BORROWINGS FROM ENGLISH

Wales has been in contact with English since as early as the 12th century, with the English language exerting regular influence on the indigenous Welsh-language community since the 14th century. Since the earlier times of contact the two languages have interacted, mutually influencing each other to a differing and asymmetrical degree. The situation is that of widespread bilingualism, with everyday occurrences of natural code-switching between Welsh and English, as well as constant interaction and mutual influence of one language on the other, most notably in the form of borrowing and substratum patterns, not restricted to the area of the lexical stock. Within the lexical sphere, however, there is evidence that borrowing from English must have begun as early as the Old English period; and that the process is in full force today. The older borrowings are not straightforwardly so noticeable or recognisable since they have undergone substantial phonological modification and adaptation to the native system. One of these modifications has concerned the suprasegmental feature of word stress. The adaptation of Anglicisms at the segmental level has been investigated before, while the accent accommodation to the Welsh pattern has only occasionally been noticed or commented upon. And yet, since there exists a systemic difference between the two phonological systems in that in English the word-accent is quantity sensitive, whereas in Welsh it is fixed (mostly) to the penultimate syllable, one can expect a considerable amount of conflicting points and necessary adjustments to eliminate illicit metrical structure. The research into these issues appears to suggest that we cannot talk about mechanical inclusion of borrowed words into the word-stress pattern functioning in Modern Welsh, as will hopefully become clear after examination of the data set. It is to such issues that this paper is going to be devoted

Accuracy and Stability in English Speakers’ Production of Japanese Pitch Accent

Standard Japanese uses pitch accent to distinguish words such as initially-accented hashi “chopsticks” and finally-accented hashi “bridge.” Research on the second language acquisition of pitch accent shows considerable variation: in accuracy scores in identification, in different dominant accent types in production, and in the unstable accent types of repeated words. This study investigates pitch accent production in English-speaking learners of Japanese, asking how accuracy and stability vary (a) with amount of Japanese experience and (b) between learners. Two groups of learners (13 less experienced; 8 more experienced) produced 180 words in three contexts (e.g., ame “rain,” ame da “it’s rain,” and ame ga furu “rain falls”). Three Japanese phoneticians identified the accent types of the words that the learners produced. The results showed no difference in accuracy or stability between the two groups and little inter-learner variation in accuracy: all had low accuracy. Although some learners had relatively high stability, they did not maintain accent type contrasts across contexts. These results suggest that first language English speakers do not encode pitch accent in long-term memory, raising questions for future research and language teaching

Pitch Contour of Japanese Traditional Verse

In this thesis I conduct experiments to investigate how pitch pattern is realized in Japanese Traditional Verses. My observation consists of four parts: (i) investigation of lexical pitch and accentual combinations of Contemporary haiku in prose and in verse (ii) investigation of lexical pitch and accentual combinations of Basho’s traditional haiku (iii) observation of Nonsense haiku and (iv) pitch range measurements of Contemporary haiku in prose and in verse. As a result, the following characteristics are found: Japanese speakers (i) tend to recite Contemporary haiku that include familiar lexemes with expected pitch patterns, compared with Basho’s Traditional haiku that include more lexemes unfamiliar to the subjects (ii) have two major pitch template choices, which I term “Plateau” and “Default”, when reciting Nonsense verses, and the occurrences of these pitch patterns are supported by Japanese phonological notions such as default-accent, downstep or declining, and (iii) tend to read haiku in verse with a wider pitch range than that in prose. This thesis shows that a generalization of poetic recitation performance among human languages is as valuable as a study of poetic forms from texts. The findings from the observations suggest that diversity among speakers’ recitations of Japanese verses is also phonologically explainable, and sheds light on the studies of prosody and metrical theory in general linguistics

Prospectus, March 1, 1978

WPCD: ONE MONTH AFTER FLIPPING THE SWITCH; Nine new officers sworn in; The story behind low unemployment rates for Parkland grads; Student killed in accident; Letters to the editor: Apology to workshop participants necessary, WIRE official \u27appalled\u27 by women\u27s sports cartoon, New DES evidence from a familiar place; Some people just can\u27t tell their ice from a hole in the ground; Parkland College News in brief: Opera house goes country, CHI tips for better, calmer living, Basic reading courses set, Passover to be shown Tues. by Fellowship, Health interests new WPCD show Thur., Two electronic classes will begin March 13th, Print workshop; Blind students find way; Welcome to the new Champaign Library; 1.5 million sign petition: Californians to fight high land tax; \u27Lincoln\u27 music in concert; U. of I. womens conference schedule; Not so Blue...Ladyhouse a treasure; Child care tax break; Classifieds; It\u27s official: March Madness is upon us!!; State finals in Danville for Region IV b-ball; End best season ever: Danville dumps Cobras, 86-83; Three tracksters are set for national meets; Perfect 12-for-12 wins antepenultimate contest; Bouncing Bob Basketball Bonanza; Women\u27s tryouts for softballhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1023/thumbnail.jp

Research Report on the Kikaijima Dialects : General Study for Research and Conservation of Endangered Dialects in Japan

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsOkinawa International UniversityUniversity of AucklandNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsFirst Published: August 15, 2011 (in Japanese

The Cowl - v. 47 - n. 1 - Sep 17, 1986

The Cowl - student newspaper of Providence College. Vol XLXI - No. 1 - September 17, 1986. 24 pages