Towards Better Development Policy: Understanding the Socio-Political Economy of Wind Power

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

What explains the emergence and diffusion of green bonds?

There is growing recognition that financing low-carbon energy and environmental transitions will require the innovation of new financial products. Yet current understanding of the conditions under which environment-focused financial innovations emerge and diffuse remains limited. This paper seeks to narrow this gap. Novel to the literature, we conceptualise financial innovation by synthesising insights from several conceptual frameworks previously used to understand technological innovation and sustainability transitions. Empirically, the paper focuses on the case of green bonds, which have been deployed to (re)finance a wide range of energy- and environment-related projects. Our analysis is based on a combination of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and observations from conferences. We show that many of the same processes, influences and dynamics identified in technology-inspired frameworks have played an important role in the upwards innovation trajectory of green bonds. These include: the activities of various intermediaries and entrepreneurs; a set of largely self-reinforcing processes such as learning and legitimation; and wider contextual developments creating a more favourable selection environment for sustainability-themed, fixed-income financial products. Our analysis additionally suggests that the scaling-up of green bonds depended on the specific design and implementation of the product itself and the growing involvement of emerging economies on the supply-side

Green Technology Innovations Development in China: Trend and Application

This chapter aims to explore what subjects have been addressed in green technology innovation (GTI) in China and initiate a journey for the next generation of sustainable-oriented research. Thus, the work examined the literatures enlisted in the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) on the topics of GTI from 1994 to 2019. Some critical discussion and conclusion are sighted as follows: (1) the research of GTI in China is getting mature compared to the energy-innovation related topics and the researches 10 years ago. It is becoming a dominated research subject. (2) The qualitative publications dominates the researches, the empirical researches are in a shortage. (3) The research subjects are multi-perspective and multi-disciplinary, covering environment science, management, energy and fuels, economics and social behavior. New vibrancy of advanced theoretical and methodological research is particularly needed. (4) The trend of green technology research appears an interdisciplinary research with the themes related to environmental subject, science technology, business economics, engineering and energy & fuels. (5) Different policy implementations have different effects due to the cost structure and maturity of renewable energy. (6) GTI cannot be isolated from the policy or regulation regime, and is becoming a new underpin of current sustainable development in China

Japanese LMEs and internationalisation: a study of the internationalisation behaviour of Japanese leading medium-sized enterprises in the context of globalisation.

This thesis is about globalisation and the firm. Specifically it concerns a particular type of firm called here a 'leading medium-sized enterprise'. or LME. This term is derived from the Japanese 'chuken kigyo’ which is used in Japan to distinguish the LME from small and medium-sized firms on the one hand and large firms on the other. LMEs are not exclusive to Japan, but they thrive there. The thesis establishes the importance of the LME as a (hitherto neglected) concept and business type, and analyses the conditions in Japan that have favoured the emergence of such firms there. Subsequently the investigation employs the Japanese LME to illustrate the approach to globalisation o f this particular kind of firm. Apart from being medium sized and a leader in its self-determined area of business, the LME is characterised by being independent and highly specialised in its core competence, to which it has devoted considerable time and effort. Deriving from and substantiating its particular character is a mode of operation and strategic philosophy called here 'articulation', which is an incremental approach applied first to the LME's domestic development and subsequently to internationalisation. The type of firm discussed here is the manufacturing LME and the form of internationalisation analysed is foreign direct investment (FDI). In contrast to the large transnational corporation (TNC), the smaller LME is hypothesised to be more prone to favour proximity in its inaugural FDI endeavours. So the adjacent multinational region of East Asia is introduced as the potential initiating location for FDI by Japanese LMEs. Within this region, Taiwan is posited as the representative of 'super proximity' because of the high degree of complementarity it is deemed to have with internationalising Japanese LMEs. An aggregate sample of 110 Japanese LMEs which have invested in Taiwan are compiled and analysed to see how this investment has contributed to shaping their globalisation strategies. From this aggregate sample, five case study LMEs are abstracted for more detailed examination of the motives, strategies and regional impacts (contribution to globalisation) of internationalising LMEs. In order of priority, this research has been conducted in Japanese, English. Chinese and French. In fact, it could not have been started without knowledge of at least written Japanese and Chinese. The first contribution to knowledge of this thesis, therefore, is that it brings to light information and materials not readily available to Westerners not conversant with these languages. In addition, the concepts of the LME and articulation have been introduced into accounts of the internationalisation of the firm, and also employed as analytical tools to show that the process of internationalisation by the smaller, specialised firm (as opposed to the large, multifunctional TNC) is accomplished in a manner distinctive to itself, because of its assertive concentration on its core competence, and despite the constraints of size and scope imposed upon it. This thesis also demonstrates that Japanese LMEs make a distinctive contribution to the on-going process o f globalisation, by their (generally positive) impacts on the overseas locations in which they operate, and by helping to shape the economic integration of the East Asian region

Developing framework for capabilities related to supporting management discipline that contributes to r&d in public organizations of Pakistan

Research and development R&D under the boundaries of management scope has become a crucial aspect for individual, organizational and global level. R&D has long considered as a top priority for developing countries. However, R&D across developing countries confronts vital deficiencies in classifying capabilities to address capability failure issue. As result of such problem, there is potential demand among public organizations for creating theoretical model dealing R&D at organizational level. The prime objective of this research is to classify the capabilities related to supporting management discipline that adds their influence on R&D, To analyze the interrelationship among the capabilities related to supporting management discipline for R&D in Pakistan Public Organizations and To prioritize the capabilities that involve at R&D in public organizations based on their interdependency in case of Pakistan . To accomplish the primary objective, the research comprise on theoretical and empirical studies: General literature review; Systematic literature review gathering capabilities related to supporting management disciplines that involve in R&D; Focus group discussion applied for refining capabilities under country-specific view; Applying proposed model in case of Pakistan public organization to reconfigure R&D orientation to confront future challenges. Competitive progression in any R&D firm does have cross-cultural implication specific to country within which the R&D functioned since is this study draw the case of R&D in Pakistan public organization. Therefore, Focus group technique adapted to refining relevant capabilities related to knowledge innovation and technology management as “supporting management discipline”. These capabilities gathered from the systematic literature review (PRISMA and Co-word analysis). The experts nominated from various research centers that include universities, public organizations. Furthermore, based on focus group results the interrelationship and prioritization of capabilities can be formulate through DANP techniques. The DANP (DEMATEL Based ANP) technique utilizes multidisciplinary experts that allow general model fitting specifically to R&D’s in public organization. The study concluded, by filling the potential gap that occurs in shape of capability failure. Key finding of this study is to draws novel Framework on infrastructural, processes and strategic perspective related to capabilities that belongs to knowledge, innovation and technology management along with behavior of their resources that influence indirectly on R&D. The capabilities perspective as criteria’s allowing decision makers to assess the vital deficiencies in classifying capabilities to address capability failure issue. This research enables policymakers to developed R&D framework that might be useful for other low privilege developing countries where state driven R&D model plays a crucial role in developing national science policy

Development strategies for high technology industries in a world of fragmented production : Israel, Ireland, and Taiwan

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. [318]-331).One of the most unexpected changes of the 1990s is that firms in a number of emerging economies not previously known for their high-technology industries have leapfrogged to the forefront in new Information Technologies (IT). Surprisingly, from the perspective of comparative political economy theories, the IT industries of these countries use different business models and have carved out different positions in the global IT production networks. Of these emerging economies, the Taiwanese, Israeli, and Irish have successfully nurtured the growth of their IT industries. This dissertation sets out to establish that emerging economies have more than one option for developing their high technology industries. Moreover, it advances a theoretical framework for analyzing how different choices lead to long-term consequences and to the development of successful and radically different industrial systems. Hence, this dissertation strives to give politics - the art and profession of creating alternatives and the social struggles of choosing between, and acting on, them - the importance that it seems to have lost in the social sciences. The research focuses on the role of the state in shaping the structure of the IT industry in Israel, Ireland, and Taiwan.(cont.) It argues that the developmental path of the IT industry is influenced by four critical decisions by the state. First, decisions about how to acquire the necessary R&D skills influence which organizations - public or private - play a leading role in innovation. Second, state decisions about financing significantly affect both the R&D resources available to the industry and the scope of R&D activity. Third, state efforts to develop local leading companies have long-term consequences for the industry's opportunity structure. Fourth, state decisions regarding foreign firms and investors within and outside national borders affect the resources and the information that the industry receives from its customers, as well as the diffusion and development of specific innovative capabilities. Of particular importance are state decisions that develop specific links between local and foreign companies, investors, and financial markets. Overall, the dissertation utilizes this framework to explain the divergent development of the IT industry in Taiwan, Israel, and Ireland.by Dan Breznitz.Ph.D

The internationalisation of green technologies and the realisation of green growth

This thesis investigates how the ‘spatialisation’ of green technologies influences opportunities to realise green growth from different industrial activities – an aspect of green growth which is currently underrepresented in the literature. The research compiles various datasets representing world-wide indicators of innovation and manufacturing, as well as interviews with researchers and industrial actors in different economies, to investigate the spatialisation of solar photovoltaic (PV) industries. The overarching purpose is to examine whether domestic economies need both innovation and manufacturing in order to supply green technologies. The thesis comprises of four standalone chapters (Chapter 2 to 5) that explore this question by applying evolutionary economic geography (EEG) theory on the concept of green growth. The first chapter (Chapter 2) develops a conceptual framework on how the spatialisation of technologies affects the composition of industrial activities in various economies. It argues the localisation of green innovation enables economies to be resilient to the loss in manufacturing. The second chapter (Chapter 3) demonstrates that both ‘first-mover’ and ‘late-comer’ economies contribute towards solar PV innovation, despite the majority of global manufacturing shifting to China. The third chapter (Chapter 4) finds patterns of research collaboration between different countries based on their respective innovation/manufacturing intensities. The last chapter (Chapter 5) explores how the presence (or absence) of domestic manufacturing influences actors’ commercialisation of different solar PV technologies. The findings seek to advance the competitiveness debate by recognising the tension between the internationalisation of green technologies and the realisation of green growth in domestic economies. First, it argues that economies realise long-term green growth by retaining highvalue activities that other economies cannot reproduce. Second, it recognises that an economy does not need both innovation and manufacturing to commercialise green technologies, but that the propensity to rely on local resources is influenced by the domestic industrial composition and the maturity of a technology. These findings emphasise that industrial policies should consider spatial characteristics in assessing whether domestic green technology supply and/or markets will lead to green growth in the domestic economy