1,379 research outputs found
Phononics: Manipulating heat flow with electronic analogs and beyond
The form of energy termed heat that typically derives from lattice
vibrations, i.e. the phonons, is usually considered as waste energy and,
moreover, deleterious to information processing. However, with this colloquium,
we attempt to rebut this common view: By use of tailored models we demonstrate
that phonons can be manipulated like electrons and photons can, thus enabling
controlled heat transport. Moreover, we explain that phonons can be put to
beneficial use to carry and process information. In a first part we present
ways to control heat transport and how to process information for physical
systems which are driven by a temperature bias. Particularly, we put forward
the toolkit of familiar electronic analogs for exercising phononics; i.e.
phononic devices which act as thermal diodes, thermal transistors, thermal
logic gates and thermal memories, etc.. These concepts are then put to work to
transport, control and rectify heat in physical realistic nanosystems by
devising practical designs of hybrid nanostructures that permit the operation
of functional phononic devices and, as well, report first experimental
realizations. Next, we discuss yet richer possibilities to manipulate heat flow
by use of time varying thermal bath temperatures or various other external
fields. These give rise to a plenty of intriguing phononic nonequilibrium
phenomena as for example the directed shuttling of heat, a geometrical phase
induced heat pumping, or the phonon Hall effect, that all may find its way into
operation with electronic analogs.Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures, modified title and revised, accepted for
publication in Rev. Mod. Phy
Computers from plants we never made. Speculations
We discuss possible designs and prototypes of computing systems that could be
based on morphological development of roots, interaction of roots, and analog
electrical computation with plants, and plant-derived electronic components. In
morphological plant processors data are represented by initial configuration of
roots and configurations of sources of attractants and repellents; results of
computation are represented by topology of the roots' network. Computation is
implemented by the roots following gradients of attractants and repellents, as
well as interacting with each other. Problems solvable by plant roots, in
principle, include shortest-path, minimum spanning tree, Voronoi diagram,
-shapes, convex subdivision of concave polygons. Electrical properties
of plants can be modified by loading the plants with functional nanoparticles
or coating parts of plants of conductive polymers. Thus, we are in position to
make living variable resistors, capacitors, operational amplifiers,
multipliers, potentiometers and fixed-function generators. The electrically
modified plants can implement summation, integration with respect to time,
inversion, multiplication, exponentiation, logarithm, division. Mathematical
and engineering problems to be solved can be represented in plant root networks
of resistive or reaction elements. Developments in plant-based computing
architectures will trigger emergence of a unique community of biologists,
electronic engineering and computer scientists working together to produce
living electronic devices which future green computers will be made of.Comment: The chapter will be published in "Inspired by Nature. Computing
inspired by physics, chemistry and biology. Essays presented to Julian Miller
on the occasion of his 60th birthday", Editors: Susan Stepney and Andrew
Adamatzky (Springer, 2017
Fabrication and characterization of graphene-based electronic devices
Graphene, a two-dimensional hexagonal carbon lattice, is a promising material for future electronics. High carrier mobility is viable through the two-dimensional plane and the true atomic thick layer enables to be transparency and flexiblility. The property is unique and never found before in other materials. A sp2-hybridized bonding in a lattice leads graphene to have physical strength that is about 100 times higher than steel. Its physical property is sustained while graphene is deformed. This is the reason why the graphene has been most attractive for electronics since it discovered in 2004.
In this thesis, several different sources of graphene are introduced and investigated towards device applications. Among the sources ever known, graphene prepared on transition metal by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is most popular since the method yields a uniform singlelayer without a size limit. For fast and cost-effective synthesis of graphene, photo-thermal CVD (PTCVD) was further developed by investigating the process conditions and parameters, such as, the flow rate of precursor gases, pressure, time, and temperature. Particularly, influence of growth temperature on the graphene quality was further examined. As a result, synthesis of high quality single-layer graphene was achieved on copper at 935-950 °C in about 60 s. The quality of graphene was preliminarily determined by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
Employing the CVD graphene, field-effect devices were fabricated and characterized at room temperature. With the control of the gate, highly tunable and switchable devices performing as a rectifier and an inverter were demonstrated. Remarkably, the device exhibiting full-wave rectification for 100 kHz of the AC input was presented utilizing three-terminal T-branch junction (TBJ). By applying the same CVD graphene layer to the gate electrode, transparent functionality through the device structure was additionally achieved. The experimental results are comparable to the previously reported TBJs having efficiency of 5-12% as the CVD graphene based TBJs shown here exhibits rectification with efficiency of 18%. As an inverter in the TBJ device, the highest voltage gain was observed to 2.4 at VD= 4 V. Finally, a cascaded two TBJ device structure where the output of the first TBJ was utilized as a gate input for thesecond TBJ was demonstrated. The output of the cascaded structure was displayed as clear rectification without any external gate. This is a significant step to realize the possibility of layer-by-layer device architecture for graphene-based monolithic integrated circuit, overcoming a zero-bandgap limit
Back-to-back schottky diode from vacuum filtered and chemically reduced graphene oxide
This paper presents fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/silicon (Si) back-to-back Schottky diode (BBSD) through graphene oxide (GO) thin film formation by vacuum filtration and chemical reduction of the film via ascorbic acid. In order to understand and assess the viability of these two processes, process condition and parameters were varied and analyzed. It was confirmed that the GO film thickness could be controlled by changing GO dispersion volume and concentration. Filtration of 200 ml of 0.4 ppm GO dispersion produced average film thickness of 53 nm. As for the reduction process, long duration was required to produce higher reduction degree. rGO film that underwent two times reduction at before and after transfer process with concentrated ascorbic acid gave the lowest sheet resistance of 3.58 MΩ/sq. In the final part of the paper, result of the BBSD device fabrication and current-voltage characterization were shown. The formed two rGO/Si Schottky junctions in the BBSD gave barrier height of 0.63 and 0.7 eV. The presented results confirmed the viability of fabricating rGO-based device using a simple method and without requirement of sophisticated equipment
Extracting the current-phase-relation of a monolithic three-dimensional nano-constriction using a DC-current-tunable superconducting microwave cavity
Superconducting circuits with nonlinear elements such as Josephson tunnel
junctions or kinetic inductance nanowires are the workhorse for microwave
quantum and superconducting sensing technologies. For devices, which can be
operated at high temperatures and large magnetic fields, nano-constrictions as
nonlinear elements are recently under intense investigation. Constrictions,
however, are far less understood than conventional Josephson tunnel junctions,
and their current-phase-relationships (CPRs) -- although highly important for
device design -- are hard to predict. Here, we present a niobium microwave
cavity with a monolithically integrated, neon-ion-beam patterned
three-dimensional (3D) nano-constriction. By design, we obtain a
DC-current-tunable microwave circuit and characterize how the
bias-current-dependent constriction properties impact the cavity resonance.
Based on the results of these experiments, we reconstruct the CPR of the
nanoconstriction. Finally, we discuss the Kerr nonlinearity of the device, a
parameter important for many high-dynamic-range applications and an
experimental probe for the second and third derivatives of the CPR. Our
platform provides a useful method to comprehensively characterize nonlinear
elements integrated in microwave circuits and could be of interest for current
sensors, hybrid quantum systems and parametric amplifiers. Our findings
furthermore contribute to a better understanding of nano-fabricated 3D
constrictions
Towards phase-coherent caloritronics in superconducting circuits
The emerging field of phase-coherent caloritronics (from the Latin word
"calor", i.e., heat) is based on the possibility to control heat currents using
the phase difference of the superconducting order parameter. The goal is to
design and implement thermal devices able to master energy transfer with a
degree of accuracy approaching the one reached for charge transport by
contemporary electronic components. This can be obtained by exploiting the
macroscopic quantum coherence intrinsic to superconducting condensates, which
manifests itself through the Josephson and the proximity effect. Here, we
review recent experimental results obtained in the realization of heat
interferometers and thermal rectifiers, and discuss a few proposals for exotic
non-linear phase-coherent caloritronic devices, such as thermal transistors,
solid-state memories, phase-coherent heat splitters, microwave refrigerators,
thermal engines and heat valves. Besides being very attractive from the
fundamental physics point of view, these systems are expected to have a vast
impact on many cryogenic microcircuits requiring energy management, and
possibly lay the first stone for the foundation of electronic thermal logic.Comment: 11 pages, 6 colour figure
Graphene for Electronics
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice. Graphene's unique properties of thinness and conductivity have led to global research into its applications as a semiconductor. With the ability to well conduct electricity at room temperature, graphene semiconductors could easily be implemented into the existing semiconductor technologies and, in some cases, successfully compete with the traditional ones, such as silicon. This reprint presents very recent results in the physics of graphene, which can be important for applying the material in electronics
Agenda: Second International Workshop on Thin Films for Electronics, Electro-Optics, Energy and Sensors (TFE3S)
University of Dayton’s Center of Excellence for Thin Film Research and Surface Engineering (CETRASE) is delighted to organize its second international workshop at the University of Dayton’s Research Institute (UDRI) campus in Dayton, Ohio, USA. The purpose of the new workshop is to exchange technical knowledge and boost technical and educational collaboration activities within the thin film research community through our CETRASE and the UDRI
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