Analysis of the Communication Traffic for Blockchain Synchronization of IoT Devices

Blockchain is a technology uniquely suited to support massive number of transactions and smart contracts within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, thanks to the decentralized accounting mechanism. In a blockchain network, the states of the accounts are stored and updated by the validator nodes, interconnected in a peer-to-peer fashion. IoT devices are characterized by relatively low computing capabilities and low power consumption, as well as sporadic and low-bandwidth wireless connectivity. An IoT device connects to one or more validator nodes to observe or modify the state of the accounts. In order to interact with the most recent state of accounts, a device needs to be synchronized with the blockchain copy stored by the validator nodes. In this work, we describe general architectures and synchronization protocols that enable synchronization of the IoT endpoints to the blockchain, with different communication costs and security levels. We model and analytically characterize the traffic generated by the synchronization protocols, and also investigate the power consumption and synchronization trade-off via numerical simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that rigorously models the role of wireless connectivity in blockchain-powered IoT systems.Comment: Paper accepted at IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 201

Sekuritisasi Data Sensor pada Aplikasi Internet Of Things (IoT) dengan Menggunakan Blockchain Ethereum di Jaringan Testnet

Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain are two technologies which are pioneer nowadays and in the future. IoT become pioneer because our goverment sets Industrial Revolution 4.0 which signifies the IoT technology. For blockchain, it is a technology which has a significant development. These two technologies have a good future. The innovation in this design is combining these two technologies. IoT has a problem in securitization, but blockchain has an advantage in security. So, by combining these technologies, the problem could be resolved. This design used microcontroller ESP32. It will collect three data sets, i.e. altitude, pressure and temperature. The data will be sent through Internet to Ethereum blockchain network in Ropsten TestNet. The Data will store in state variables. Twenty data have been sent and tested. The data has been verified to be stored in Ethereum Virtual Machine because the data could be verified through etherscan.io. So, the conclusion is this design could prove that blockchain could be used to data securitization in IoT. Internet of Things (IoT) dan blockchain merupakan dua teknologi yang akan menjadi pioneer saat ini dan di masa mendatang. Pioneer saat ini karena pemerintah menetapkan Revolusi Industri 4.0 yang salah satu titik beratnya adalah IoT. Untuk blockchain, saat ini merupakan teknologi yang mengalami perkembangan signifikan. Kedua teknologi ini menjanjikan. Salah satu hal yang dapat menjadi inovasi adalah menggabungkan keduanya. IoT memiliki permasalahan pada sekuriti, sedangkan blockchain memiliki keunggulan dalam hal sekuriti. Dengan demikian, menggunakan teknologi blockchain untuk aplikasi IoT akan menjadi solusi. Alat yang dirancang menggunakan mikrokontroler ESP32. Alat ini akan mengakuisis data dari tiga buah sensor, yaitu sensor ketinggian, tekanan dan suhu. Data-data ini dikirim melalui Internet ke jaringan blockchain Ethereum di TestNet Ropsten. Data tersebut akan disimpan di state variables. Dua puluh data dikirim dan berhasil disimpan di Ethereum Virtual Machine. Ini terbukti dengan setiap data yang dikirim dapat divalidasi dan terekam di etherscan.io. Dengan demikian, perancangan alat ini berhasil membuktikan bahwa IoT dapat menggunakan blockchain untuk sekuritisasi data

On the Convergence of Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology will soon become an integral part of our daily lives to facilitate the control and monitoring of processes and objects and revolutionize the ways that human interacts with the physical world. For all features of IoT to become fully functional in practice, there are several obstacles on the way to be surmounted and critical challenges to be addressed. These include, but are not limited to cybersecurity, data privacy, energy consumption, and scalability. The Blockchain decentralized nature and its multi-faceted procedures offer a useful mechanism to tackle several of these IoT challenges. However, applying the Blockchain protocols to IoT without considering their tremendous computational loads, delays, and bandwidth overhead can let to a new set of problems. This review evaluates some of the main challenges we face in the integration of Blockchain and IoT technologies and provides insights and high-level solutions that can potentially handle the shortcomings and constraints of both IoT and Blockchain technologies.Comment: Includes 11 Pages, 3 Figures, To publish in Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability for issue JSIS 14(1

Trusted Wireless Monitoring based on Blockchain over NB-IoT Connectivity

The data collected from Internet of Things (IoT) devices on various emissions or pollution, can have a significant economic value for the stakeholders. This makes it prone to abuse or tampering and brings forward the need to integrate IoT with a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to collect, store, and protect the IoT data. However, DLT brings an additional overhead to the frugal IoT connectivity and symmetrizes the IoT traffic, thus changing the usual assumption that IoT is uplink-oriented. We have implemented a platform that integrates DLTs with a monitoring system based on narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). We evaluate the performance and discuss the tradeoffs in two use cases: data authorization and real-time monitoring.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, Accepted in IEEE Communication Magazin

Blockchain out of the Box – Where is the Blockchain in Blockchain-as-a-Service?

Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) is increasingly discussed as a way for companies to get started with blockchain projects. Different BaaS offerings are available, but a systematic categorization of what BaaS comprises is missing. In this research, we analyze the service offerings of BaaS providers based on available online information and identify a number of common characteristics in the BaaS offerings related to the use of service types, distributed ledger technology (DLT) systems, consensus mechanisms, and pricing models. These characteristics are then further analyzed in the light of available literature on BaaS, as well as conducted expert interviews. The objective of this research is to provide an overview of the BaaS landscap,e as well as a taxonomy that provides guid-ance for researchers and practitioners alike interested in BaaS