INTERNET OF THINGS GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a “buzz word”, growing into an industry that is predicted to be worth $11 trillion by 2025. IoT devices are equipped with sensors that enable them to collect, transmit and process large volumes of data about their surroundings over the Internet, often without human intervention. Hence, these devices are often referred to as “smart” devices and are reported to bridge the gap between digital and physical worlds. The heterogeneity of the devices in the IoT and the volumes of data involved introduce inherent risk to any network housing such devices. A major concern is that ninety percent of the offerings currently in existence to address IoT related risk are repackaged general-purpose information technology (IT) security technologies, which unfortunately do not adequately address the IoT needs. Moreover, it is reported that the IoT requires new architectures and protocols compared to traditional computer networks, introducing a requirement for new standards, models and frameworks, not currently in existence to address several areas of the IoT. To this end, this article motivates towards the requirement of an IoT governance framework instead of traditional IT governance (ITG) frameworks. The authors of this article intended to explore the state of published literature on IoT governance frameworks. The objective was to establish whether IoT governance frameworks currently exist. Through a systematic literature review, it was established that scholars widely agree on the need for an IoT governance framework, however, one is currently not in existence. Therefore, considerations from the literature were presented as components to be included in an IoT governance framework. Limitations of this study were that technical works were not considered as the study focused on governance and not management.     Keywords: Internet of Things; IoT Governance; IT Governance; Heterogeneous System

Developing cognitive advisor agents for operators in industry 4.0

Human cyber-physical systems (CPS) are an important component in the development of Industry 4.0. The paradigm shift of doing to thinking has allowed the emergence of cognition as a new perspective for intelligent systems. Currently, different platforms offer several cognitive solutions. Within this space, user assistance systems become increasingly necessary not as a tool but as a function that amplifies the capabilities of the operator in the work environment. There exist different perspectives of cognition. In this study cognition is introduced from the point of view of joint cognitive systems (JCSs); the synergistic combination of different technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT) and multi-agent systems (MAS) allows the operator and the process to provide the necessary conditions to do their work effectively and efficientlyPostprint (published version

Developing Cognitive Advisor Agents for Operators in Industry 4.0

Human cyber-physical systems (CPS) are an important component in the development of Industry 4.0. The paradigm shift of doing to thinking has allowed the emergence of cognition as a new perspective for intelligent systems. Currently, different platforms offer several cognitive solutions. Within this space, user assistance systems become increasingly necessary not as a tool but as a function that amplifies the capabilities of the operator in the work environment. There exist different perspectives of cognition. In this study cognition is introduced from the point of view of joint cognitive systems (JCSs); the synergistic combination of different technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT) and multi-agent systems (MAS) allows the operator and the process to provide the necessary conditions to do their work effectively and efficiently

The challenges in the development of technological research projects in generational gap contexts

The generational differences that exist in a society or community are not only evidence that one cannot be escape, but a plus for its development. Furthermore, this allows an existence of a connection to the past and as a way of continuity for the future. However, and to increase this importance, the analysis of generational gaps is considered as an aspect that allows development, innovation and creativity, considering the specific context of the research project LOCUS - playfuL cOnneCted rUral territorieS. The article aims to contextualize the generational gaps in Amiais, Sever do Vouga, Portugal and is part of the LOCUS project. The LOCUS project has as main goal to carry out a survey of cultural heritage of the village, with the purpose of developing and apply an Internet of Things (IoT) system for use by residents, stakeholders and visitors. The methodology described in the article is the analysis of the ethnographic research results, namely interviews with privileged informants and informal conversations with residents. Based on these results, it is intended to outline the challenges that are expected to be found in the technological development of the project and the way as it is expected to outcome them

A Tool Detects Violation Of Road Markings Using Ultrasonic Sensors Based On Internet Of Things

In our daily lives, of course we often see the number of motorbike or car vehicles that do not care about the traffic lights, even though the traffic is red, but there are always vehicles that stop or even slightly cross the white line that is specifically for pedestrians so that can pass when the traffic lights are red. Ultrasonic sensors work based on the principle of reflection of sound waves, where these sensors produce sound waves which then capture it again with a time difference as the basis for sensing. After analyzing the needs, the author will build a Tool to Detect Road Marking Violations Using the Internet-Based Ultrasonic Sensor on the grounds that all the components needed in building the tool already exist. Which is where the driver will be exposed to a photo if it crosses the marking line that has been provided on the highway. Because the concept of the internet of things involves tools with users to communicate. The composition of the algorithm, the author uses python which has become the default programming language raspbian operating system. Algortihm construction in the tool is a red light algorithm, an ultrasonic sensor algorithm, an image capture algorithm, and an algorithm for sending text and images via email. Traffic officers will be facilitated because the tool is in accordance with the traffic light seconds, can take pictures, and also officers are informed in the form of text and images

IoT in smart communities, technologies and applications.

Internet of Things is a system that integrates different devices and technologies, removing the necessity of human intervention. This enables the capacity of having smart (or smarter) cities around the world. By hosting different technologies and allowing interactions between them, the internet of things has spearheaded the development of smart city systems for sustainable living, increased comfort and productivity for citizens. The Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Cities has many different domains and draws upon various underlying systems for its operation, in this work, we provide a holistic coverage of the Internet of Things in Smart Cities by discussing the fundamental components that make up the IoT Smart City landscape, the technologies that enable these domains to exist, the most prevalent practices and techniques which are used in these domains as well as the challenges that deployment of IoT systems for smart cities encounter and which need to be addressed for ubiquitous use of smart city applications. It also presents a coverage of optimization methods and applications from a smart city perspective enabled by the Internet of Things. Towards this end, a mapping is provided for the most encountered applications of computational optimization within IoT smart cities for five popular optimization methods, ant colony optimization, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony optimization and differential evolution. For each application identified, the algorithms used, objectives considered, the nature of the formulation and constraints taken in to account have been specified and discussed. Lastly, the data setup used by each covered work is also mentioned and directions for future work have been identified. Within the smart health domain of IoT smart cities, human activity recognition has been a key study topic in the development of cyber physical systems and assisted living applications. In particular, inertial sensor based systems have become increasingly popular because they do not restrict users’ movement and are also relatively simple to implement compared to other approaches. Fall detection is one of the most important tasks in human activity recognition. With an increasingly aging world population and an inclination by the elderly to live alone, the need to incorporate dependable fall detection schemes in smart devices such as phones, watches has gained momentum. Therefore, differentiating between falls and activities of daily living (ADLs) has been the focus of researchers in recent years with very good results. However, one aspect within fall detection that has not been investigated much is direction and severity aware fall detection. Since a fall detection system aims to detect falls in people and notify medical personnel, it could be of added value to health professionals tending to a patient suffering from a fall to know the nature of the accident. In this regard, as a case study for smart health, four different experiments have been conducted for the task of fall detection with direction and severity consideration on two publicly available datasets. These four experiments not only tackle the problem on an increasingly complicated level (the first one considers a fall only scenario and the other two a combined activity of daily living and fall scenario) but also present methodologies which outperform the state of the art techniques as discussed. Lastly, future recommendations have also been provided for researchers

The User Is Dead, Long Live the User: Creation through Consumption in the Context of the Reader and the User

In her essay Too Much World: Is the Internet Dead? Hito Steyerl claims that “the internet is not dead. It is undead and it\u27s everywhere. In his essay The Death of the Author Roland Barthes writes: It is necessary to overthrow the myth: the birth of the Reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author. The figure of the reader and the figure of the user have, at different times, been placed on the consumer side of a consumer-producer opposition. The term user was coined by developers to describe a certain type of consumer-- one that knew how to navigate the platforms being developed, but not enough to develop these themselves. In literary theory, the reader was not considered an agent in creating a text until Barthes introduced the reader as an actor in literary discourses to the world. Over time, different critics (particularly in Reader Response Theory) made more room for the reader and the reader\u27s responses to texts as a creative entity. I place these evolving conceptions of the reader in conversation with what writings exist on the user because while I do not seek to equate them, I believe that they do have productive things to say to each other. In comparing the figure of the reader and that of the user, I introduce the term critical bricolage, which refers to a type of creation based in consumption. Critical bricolage encompasses the hunting, gathering, scavenging, and then compiling, collecting, and curating of content by the reader and user -- it is how they create their own space and respond to an environment that didn\u27t leave one for them. Critical bricolage manifests in the form of literary response for the reader. In the case of the user, critical bricolage changed as the environment of the internet changed, and continues to change. Because of this, I spend more time with recent examples of critical bricolage in the context of the user; I primarily focus on the work of user-artists like Guthrie Lonergan, William Boling, LIllian Schwartz, Cory Arcangel, James Bridle, and Jodi

Survey: An overview of lightweight RFID authentication protocols suitable for the maritime internet of things

The maritime sector employs the Internet of Things (IoT) to exploit many of its benefits to maintain a competitive advantage and keep up with the growing demands of the global economy. The maritime IoT (MIoT) not only inherits similar security threats as the general IoT, it also faces cyber threats that do not exist in the traditional IoT due to factors such as the support for long-distance communication and low-bandwidth connectivity. Therefore, the MIoT presents a significant concern for the sustainability and security of the maritime industry, as a successful cyber attack can be detrimental to national security and have a flow-on effect on the global economy. A common component of maritime IoT systems is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. It has been revealed in previous studies that current RFID authentication protocols are insecure against a number of attacks. This paper provides an overview of vulnerabilities relating to maritime RFID systems and systematically reviews lightweight RFID authentication protocols and their impacts if they were to be used in the maritime sector. Specifically, this paper investigates the capabilities of lightweight RFID authentication protocols that could be used in a maritime environment by evaluating those authentication protocols in terms of the encryption system, authentication method, and resistance to various wireless attacks

Astrobiology: Science Learning Activities for Afterschool

This product consists of eight astrobiology after-school activities, each of which may be completed in about one hour. The science of astrobiology is concerned with the question of whether or not life exists on other planets. These activities were adapted for use in afterschool programs with ages 5-12. A Astrobiology: Science Learning Activities for Afterschool was produced by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) as a part of a 18 month study and demonstration project funded by NASA. Educational levels: Informal education