A Survey on Emulation Testbeds for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

AbstractMobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) can be said as a collection of mobile nodes, which builds a dynamic topology and a A resource constrained network. In this paper, we present a survey of various testbeds for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Emulator provides environment without modifications to the software and validates software solutions for ad hoc network. A field test will show rather the simulation work is going on right track or not and going from the simulator to the real thing directly to analyze the performance and compare the results of routing protocols and mobility models. Analyzing and choosing an appropriate emulator according to the given environment is a time-consuming process. We contribute a survey of emulation testbeds for the choice of appropriate research tools in the mobile ad hoc networks

A portable real-time emulator for testing multi-radio MANETs

In building a real-life mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), network emulation has been appraised as an efficient approach for testing the real implementa-tions of routing algorithms and protocol stacks. Most existing MANET emulators can hardly support both real-time scene construction for proof-of-concept test and real-time traffic recording for performance evaluation simultaneously. They also lack the ability to emulate the multi-radio environment. This paper presents a flexible TCP/IP-based real-time MANET emulator that can be portably deployed to facilitate the development of real multi-radio MANET routing protocols. It friendly provides visual interaction of topology control and rich configuration of emulation conditions to enable a real-time and comprehensive examination of protocol implementations. 1

On the Accuracy of MANET Simulators

The deployment of wireless applications or protocols in the context of Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET), often requires to step through a simulation phase. For the results of the simulation to be meaningful, it is important that the model on which is based the simulator matches as closely as possible the reality. In this paper we present the results of the simulation of an algorithm using several popular simulators (OPNET Modeler, NS-2, GloMoSim). The results tend to show that significant divergences exist between the simulators. This can be explained partly by the mismatching of the modelisation of each simulator and also by the different levels of detail provided to implement and configure the simulated scenarios

Experiments with 802.11b in ad-hoc configurations

Ad hoc networks are wireless and mobile networks without any fixed infrastructure. Researches in ad hoc networks field have reached a stage where experiments have become necessary. Most of the works in this area concern the design of protocols and their evaluation with theoretical analysis or with simulations. But the evaluation by simulations is not always realistic in ad hoc context due partly to the large dependence toward environmental factors. The main testbeds analyze the behavior of the studied routing protocols. But it is extremely difficult to differentiate in them the effects due to physical and MAC layers from the effects due to routing or others layers protocols. Since most of the current wireless cards implement the IEEE 802.11x standards, we investigate in this paper the services that could exactly be expected from this standard in ad hoc situations. We have developed a tool in order to deploy ad hoc scenarios and to monitor the traffic. From experiments, we extract the capacity of the radio medium, the asymmetry of the used cards, the effects of broadcast and unicast flows and the interfering range. All these parameters should enable a fine-tuning of the proposed protocols for ad hoc networks

An extensible testing environment for mobile ad-hoc networks

Master'sMASTER OF SCIENC

Delay tolerant networking in a shopping mall environment

The increasing popularity of computing devices with short-range wireless offers new communication service opportunities. These devices are small and may be mobile or embedded in almost any type of object imaginable, including cars, tools, appliances, clothing and various consumer goods. The majority of them can store data and transmit it when a wireless, or wired, transmitting medium is available. The mobility of the individuals carrying such short-range wireless devices is important because varying distances creates connection opportunities and disconnections. It is likely that successful forwarding algorithms will be based, at least in part, on the patterns of mobility that are seen in real settings. For this reason, studying human mobility in different environments for extended periods of time is essential. Thus we need to use measurements from realistic settings to drive the development and evaluation of appropriate forwarding algorithms. Recently, several significant efforts have been made to collect data reflecting human mobility. However, these traces are from specific scenarios and their validity is difficult to generalize. In this thesis we contribute to this effort by studying human mobility in shopping malls. We ran a field trial to collect real-world Bluetooth contact data from shop employees and clerks in a shopping mall over six days. This data will allow the informed design of forwarding policies and algorithms for such settings and scenarios, and determine the effects of users' mobility patterns on the prevalence of networking opportunities. Using this data set we have analysed human mobility and interaction patterns in this shopping mall environment. We present evidence of distinct classes of mobility in this situation and characterize them in terms of power law coefficients which approximate inter-contact time distributions. These results are quite different from previous studies in other environments. We have developed a software tool which implements a mobility model for "structured" scenarios such as shopping malls, trade fairs, music festivals, stadiums and museums. In this thesis we define as structured environment, a scenario having definite and highly organised structure, where people are organised by characteristic patterns of relationship and mobility. We analysed the contact traces collected on the field to guide the design of this mobility model. We show that our synthetic mobility model produces inter-contact time and contact duration distributions which approximate well to those of the real traces. Our scenario generator also implements several random mobility models. We compared our Shopping Mall mobility model to three other random mobility models by comparing the performances of two benchmark delay tolerant routing protocols, Epidemic and Prophet, when simulated with movement traces from each model. Thus, we demonstrate that the choice of a mobility model is a significant consideration when designing and evaluating delay-tolerant mobile ad-hoc network protocols. Finally, we have also conducted an initial study to evaluate the effect of delivering messages in shopping mall environments by exclusively forwarding them to customers or sellers, each of which has distinctive mobility patterns

An Integrated Environment for Testing Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) has become an increasingly active research area with a plethora of work in ad-hoc routing, media access, and protocols, etc. However, much of the effort so far has been in simulation with only a few systems that have ever been implemented and none that we know have been tried in a scale beyond a dozen nodes. One reason is the high complexity involved in implementing and testing actual ad-hoc networks, and the lack of software tools for doing so. We have thus built an inexpensive and flexible environment to support such tasks and to facilitate network research. The core component is a mobility emulator to test an ad-hoc network of virtually any scale and with any mobility scenario without actually moving the nodes physically

Delay tolerant networking in a shopping mall environment

The increasing popularity of computing devices with short-range wireless offers new communication service opportunities. These devices are small and may be mobile or embedded in almost any type of object imaginable, including cars, tools, appliances, clothing and various consumer goods. The majority of them can store data and transmit it when a wireless, or wired, transmitting medium is available. The mobility of the individuals carrying such short-range wireless devices is important because varying distances creates connection opportunities and disconnections. It is likely that successful forwarding algorithms will be based, at least in part, on the patterns of mobility that are seen in real settings. For this reason, studying human mobility in different environments for extended periods of time is essential. Thus we need to use measurements from realistic settings to drive the development and evaluation of appropriate forwarding algorithms. Recently, several significant efforts have been made to collect data reflecting human mobility. However, these traces are from specific scenarios and their validity is difficult to generalize. In this thesis we contribute to this effort by studying human mobility in shopping malls. We ran a field trial to collect real-world Bluetooth contact data from shop employees and clerks in a shopping mall over six days. This data will allow the informed design of forwarding policies and algorithms for such settings and scenarios, and determine the effects of users' mobility patterns on the prevalence of networking opportunities. Using this data set we have analysed human mobility and interaction patterns in this shopping mall environment. We present evidence of distinct classes of mobility in this situation and characterize them in terms of power law coefficients which approximate inter-contact time distributions. These results are quite different from previous studies in other environments. We have developed a software tool which implements a mobility model for "structured" scenarios such as shopping malls, trade fairs, music festivals, stadiums and museums. In this thesis we define as structured environment, a scenario having definite and highly organised structure, where people are organised by characteristic patterns of relationship and mobility. We analysed the contact traces collected on the field to guide the design of this mobility model. We show that our synthetic mobility model produces inter-contact time and contact duration distributions which approximate well to those of the real traces. Our scenario generator also implements several random mobility models. We compared our Shopping Mall mobility model to three other random mobility models by comparing the performances of two benchmark delay tolerant routing protocols, Epidemic and Prophet, when simulated with movement traces from each model. Thus, we demonstrate that the choice of a mobility model is a significant consideration when designing and evaluating delay-tolerant mobile ad-hoc network protocols. Finally, we have also conducted an initial study to evaluate the effect of delivering messages in shopping mall environments by exclusively forwarding them to customers or sellers, each of which has distinctive mobility patterns