3,882 research outputs found
First-passage time to clear the way for receptor-ligand binding in a crowded environment
Certain biological reactions, such as receptor-ligand binding at cell-cell
interfaces and macromolecules binding to biopolymers, require many smaller
molecules crowding a reaction site to be cleared. Examples include the T cell
interface, a key player in immunological information processing. Diffusion sets
a limit for such cavitation to occur spontaneously, thereby defining a
timescale below which active mechanisms must take over. We consider
independent diffusing particles in a closed domain, containing a sub-region
with particles, on average. We investigate the time until the
sub-region is empty, allowing a subsequent reaction to proceed. The first
passage time is computed using an efficient exact simulation algorithm and an
asymptotic approximation in the limit that cavitation is rare. In this limit,
we find that the mean first passage time is sub-exponential, . For the case of T cell receptors, we find that stochastic
cavitation is exceedingly slow, seconds at physiological densities,
however can be accelerated to occur within 5 second with only a four-fold
dilution
Efficient Reactive Brownian Dynamics
We develop a Split Reactive Brownian Dynamics (SRBD) algorithm for particle
simulations of reaction-diffusion systems based on the Doi or volume reactivity
model, in which pairs of particles react with a specified Poisson rate if they
are closer than a chosen reactive distance. In our Doi model, we ensure that
the microscopic reaction rules for various association and disassociation
reactions are consistent with detailed balance (time reversibility) at
thermodynamic equilibrium. The SRBD algorithm uses Strang splitting in time to
separate reaction and diffusion, and solves both the diffusion-only and
reaction-only subproblems exactly, even at high packing densities. To
efficiently process reactions without uncontrolled approximations, SRBD employs
an event-driven algorithm that processes reactions in a time-ordered sequence
over the duration of the time step. A grid of cells with size larger than all
of the reactive distances is used to schedule and process the reactions, but
unlike traditional grid-based methods such as Reaction-Diffusion Master
Equation (RDME) algorithms, the results of SRBD are statistically independent
of the size of the grid used to accelerate the processing of reactions. We use
the SRBD algorithm to compute the effective macroscopic reaction rate for both
reaction- and diffusion-limited irreversible association in three dimensions.
We also study long-time tails in the time correlation functions for reversible
association at thermodynamic equilibrium. Finally, we compare different
particle and continuum methods on a model exhibiting a Turing-like instability
and pattern formation. We find that for models in which particles diffuse off
lattice, such as the Doi model, reactions lead to a spurious enhancement of the
effective diffusion coefficients.Comment: To appear in J. Chem. Phy
Multiscale stochastic reaction-diffusion modelling: application to actin dynamics in filopodia
Two multiscale (hybrid) stochastic reaction-diffusion models of actin dynamics in a filopodium are investigated. Both hybrid algorithms combine compartment-based and molecular-based stochastic reaction-diffusion models. The first hybrid model is based on the models previously\ud
developed in the literature. The second hybrid model is based on the application of recently developed two-regime method (TRM) to a fully molecular-based model which is also developed in this paper. The results of hybrid models are compared with the results of the molecular-based model. It is shown that both approaches give comparable results, although the TRM model better agrees quantitatively with the molecular-based model
Convergence of methods for coupling of microscopic and mesoscopic reaction-diffusion simulations
In this paper, three multiscale methods for coupling of mesoscopic
(compartment-based) and microscopic (molecular-based) stochastic
reaction-diffusion simulations are investigated. Two of the three methods that
will be discussed in detail have been previously reported in the literature;
the two-regime method (TRM) and the compartment-placement method (CPM). The
third method that is introduced and analysed in this paper is the ghost cell
method (GCM). Presented is a comparison of sources of error. The convergent
properties of this error are studied as the time step (for updating
the molecular-based part of the model) approaches zero. It is found that the
error behaviour depends on another fundamental computational parameter , the
compartment size in the mesoscopic part of the model. Two important limiting
cases, which appear in applications, are considered: (i) \Delta t approaches 0
and h is fixed; and (ii) \Delta t approaches 0 and h approaches 0 such that
\Delta t/h^2 is fixed. The error for previously developed approaches (the TRM
and CPM) converges to zero only in the limiting case (ii), but not in case (i).
It is shown that the error of the GCM converges in the limiting case (i). Thus
the GCM is superior to previous coupling techniques if the mesoscopic
description is much coarser than the microscopic part of the model
Reaction-diffusion kinetics on lattice at the microscopic scale
Lattice-based stochastic simulators are commonly used to study biological
reaction-diffusion processes. Some of these schemes that are based on the
reaction-diffusion master equation (RDME), can simulate for extended spatial
and temporal scales but cannot directly account for the microscopic effects in
the cell such as volume exclusion and diffusion-influenced reactions.
Nonetheless, schemes based on the high-resolution microscopic lattice method
(MLM) can directly simulate these effects by representing each finite-sized
molecule explicitly as a random walker on fine lattice voxels. The theory and
consistency of MLM in simulating diffusion-influenced reactions have not been
clarified in detail. Here, we examine MLM in solving diffusion-influenced
reactions in 3D space by employing the Spatiocyte simulation scheme. Applying
the random walk theory, we construct the general theoretical framework
underlying the method and obtain analytical expressions for the total rebinding
probability and the effective reaction rate. By matching Collins-Kimball and
lattice-based rate constants, we obtained the exact expressions to determine
the reaction acceptance probability and voxel size. We found that the size of
voxel should be about 2% larger than the molecule. MLM is validated by
numerical simulations, showing good agreement with the off-lattice
particle-based method, eGFRD. MLM run time is more than an order of magnitude
faster than eGFRD when diffusing macromolecules with typical concentrations in
the cell. MLM also showed good agreements with eGFRD and mean-field models in
case studies of two basic motifs of intracellular signaling, the protein
production-degradation process and the dual phosphorylation cycle. Moreover,
when a reaction compartment is populated with volume-excluding obstacles, MLM
captures the non-classical reaction kinetics caused by anomalous diffusion of
reacting molecules
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