An Enterprise Control Assessment Method for Variable Energy Resource-Induced Power System Imbalances--Part I: Methodology

In recent years, an extensive academic and industrial literature has been developed to determine how much such variable energy resources (VERs) may be integrated and how to best mitigate their impacts. While certainly insightful within the context of their application, many integration studies have methodological limitations in that they are case specific, address a single control function of power grid balancing operations, and are often not validated by simulation. This paper presents a holistic method for the assessment of power grid imbalances induced by VERs based upon the concept of enterprise control. It consists within a single package a three-layer enterprise control simulator which includes most of the balancing operation functionality found in traditional power systems. The control layers include a resource scheduling layer composed of a security-constrained unit commitment, a balancing layer composed of a security-constrained economic dispatch, and a regulation layer. The proposed method is validated by a set of numerical simulations. The sequel to this paper submitted to the same issue provides a set of extensive results that demonstrate how power grid balancing operations systematically address VER integration

Provision of secondary frequency regulation by coordinated dispatch of industrial loads and thermal power plants

Demand responsive industrial loads with high thermal inertia have potential to provide ancillary service for frequency regulation in the power market. To capture the benefit, this study proposes a new hierarchical framework to coordinate the demand responsive industrial loads with thermal power plants in an industrial park for secondary frequency control. In the proposed framework, demand responsive loads and generating resources are coordinated for optimal dispatch in two-time scales: (1) the regulation reserve of the industrial park is optimally scheduled in a day-ahead manner. The stochastic regulation signal is replaced by the specific extremely trajectories. Furthermore, the extremely trajectories are achieved by the day-ahead predicted regulation mileage. The resulting benefit is to transform the stochastic reserve scheduling problem into a deterministic optimization; (2) a model predictive control strategy is proposed to dispatch the industry park in real time with an objective to maximize the revenue. The proposed technology is tested using a real-world industrial electrolysis power system based upon Pennsylvania, Jersey, and Maryland (PJM) power market. Various scenarios are simulated to study the performance of the proposed approach to enable industry parks to provide ancillary service into the power market. The simulation results indicate that an industrial park with a capacity of 500 MW can provide up to 40 MW ancillary service for participation in the secondary frequency regulation. The proposed strategy is demonstrated to be capable of maintaining the economic and secure operation of the industrial park while satisfying performance requirements from the real world regulation market

A Review of ISO New England's Proposed Market Rules

This report reviews the proposed rules for restructured wholesale electricity markets in New England. We review the market rules, both individually and collectively, and identify potential problems that might limit the efficiency of these markets. We examine alternatives and identify the key tradeoffs among alternative designs. We believe that the wholesale electricity market in New England can begin on December 1, 1998. However, improvements are needed for long-run success. We have identified four major recommendations: 1. Switch to a multi-settlement system. 2. Introduce demand-side bidding. 3. Adopt location-based transmission congestion pricing, especially for the import/export interfaces. 4. Fix the pricing of the ten minute spinning reserves.Auctions; Multiple Object Auctions; Electricity Auctions

An Enterprise Control Assessment Method for Variable Energy Resource-Induced Power System Imbalances--Part II: Parametric Sensitivity Analysis

In recent years, renewable energy has developed to address energy security and climate change drivers. However, as energy resources, they possess a variable and uncertain nature that significantly complicates grid balancing operations. As a result, an extensive academic and industrial literature has developed to determine how much such variable energy resources (VERs) may be integrated and how to best mitigate their impacts. While certainly insightful with the context of their application, many integration studies have methodological limitations because they are case specific, address a single control function of the power grid balancing operations, and are often not validated by simulation. The prequel to this paper presented a holistic method for the assessment of power grid imbalances induced by VERs based upon the concept of enterprise control. This paper now systematically studies these power grid imbalances in terms of five independent variables: 1) day-ahead market time step; 2) real-time market time step; 3) VER normalized variability; 4) normalized day-ahead VER forecast error; and 5) normalized short-term VER forecast error. The systematic study elucidates the impacts of these variables and provides significant insights as to how planners should address these independent variables in the future

Quantification of operating reserves with high penetration of wind power considering extreme values

The high integration of wind energy in power systems requires operating reserves to ensure the reliability and security in the operation. The intermittency and volatility in wind power sets a challenge for day-ahead dispatching in order to schedule generation resources. Therefore,the quantification of operating reserves is addressed in this paper using extreme values through Monte-Carlo simulations. The uncertainty inwind power forecasting is captured by a generalized extreme value distribution to generate scenarios. The day-ahead dispatching model is formulated asa mixed-integer linear quadratic problem including ramping constraints. This approach is tested in the IEEE-118 bus test system including integration of wind power in the system. The results represent the range of values for operating reserves in day-ahead dispatchin

Review of the Proposed Reserve Markets in New England

ISO New England proposes reserve markets designed to improve the existing forward reserve market and improve pricing during real-time reserve shortages. We support all of the main elements of the proposal. For example, we agree that little is gained by allowing reserve availability bids in the day-ahead market. Doing so greatly increases the complexity of the market without the prospect of more efficient pricing. Rather, offline reserves are most efficiently priced and awarded well in advance, as is done by the improved forward reserve market.Auctions; Multiple Object Auctions; Electricity Auctions