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Performance Analysis of Cluster Based Communication Protocols for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks. Design, Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Communication Protocols under Various Topologies to Enhance the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks.
Sensor nodes are deployed over sensing fields for the purpose of monitoring certain
phenomena of interest. The sensor nodes perform specific measurements, process the
sensed data, and send the data to a base station over a wireless channel. The base station
collects data from the sensor nodes, analyses this data, and reports it to the users.
Wireless sensor networks are different from traditional networks, because of the
following constraints. Typically, a large number of sensor nodes need to be randomly
deployed and, in most cases, they are deployed in unreachable environments; however,
the sensor nodes may fail, and they are subject to power constraints.
Energy is one of the most important design constraints of wireless sensor networks.
Energy consumption, in a sensor node, occurs due to many factors, such as: sensing the
environment, transmitting and receiving data, processing data, and communication
overheads. Since the sensor nodes behave as router nodes for data propagation, of the
other sensor nodes to the base station, network connectivity decreases gradually. This
may result in disconnected sub networks of sensor nodes. In order to prolong the
network¿s lifetime, energy efficient protocols should be designed for the characteristics
of the wireless sensor network. Sensor nodes in different regions of the sensing field can
collaborate to aggregate the data that they gathered.
Data aggregation is defined as the process of aggregating the data from sensor nodes to
reduce redundant transmissions. It reduces a large amount of the data traffic on the
network, it requires less energy, and it avoids information overheads by not sending all
of the unprocessed data throughout the sensor network. Grouping sensor nodes into
clusters is useful because it reduces the energy consumption. The clustering technique
can be used to perform data aggregation. The clustering procedure involves the selection
of cluster heads in each of the cluster, in order to coordinate the member nodes. The
cluster head is responsible for: gathering the sensed data from its cluster¿s nodes,
aggregating the data, and then sending the aggregated data to the base station.
An adaptive clustering protocol was introduced to select the heads in the wireless sensor
network. The proposed clustering protocol will dynamically change the cluster heads to
obtain the best possible performance, based on the remaining energy level of sensor
nodes and the average energy of clusters. The OMNET simulator will be used to present
the design and implementation of the adaptive clustering protocol and then to evaluate
it.
This research has conducted extensive simulation experiments, in order to fully study
and analyse the proposed energy efficient clustering protocol. It is necessary for all of
the sensor nodes to remain alive for as long as possible, since network quality decreases
as soon as a set of sensor nodes die. The goal of the energy efficient clustering protocol
is to increase the lifetime and stability period of the sensor network.
This research also introduces a new bidirectional data gathering protocol. This protocol
aims to form a bidirectional ring structure among the sensor nodes, within the cluster, in
order to reduce the overall energy consumption and enhance the network¿s lifetime. A bidirectional data gathering protocol uses a source node to transmit data to the base
station, via one or more multiple intermediate cluster heads. It sends data through
energy efficient paths to ensure the total energy, needed to route the data, is kept to a
minimum. Performance results reveal that the proposed protocol is better in terms of: its
network lifetime, energy dissipation, and communication overheads
Routing and scheduling approaches for energy-efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks
Ankara : The Department of Computer Engineering and the Graduate School of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2011.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 2011.Includes bibliographical references leaves 99-108.A wireless sensor network consists of nodes which are capable of sensing an environment
and wirelessly communicating with each other to gather the sensed data
to a central location. Besides the advantages for many applications, having very
limited irreplaceable energy resources is an important shortcoming of the wireless
sensor networks. In this thesis, we present effective routing and node scheduling
solutions to improve network lifetime in wireless sensor networks for data gathering
applications. Towards this goal, we first investigate the network lifetime
problem by developing a theoretical model which assumes perfect data aggregation
and power-control capability for the nodes; and we derive an upper-bound on
the functional lifetime of a sensor network. Then we propose a routing protocol
to improve network lifetime close to this upper-bound on some certain conditions.
Our proposed routing protocol, called L-PEDAP, is based on constructing localized,
self-organizing, robust and power-aware data aggregation trees. We also
propose a node scheduling protocol that can work with our routing protocol together
to improve network lifetime further. Our node scheduling protocol, called
PENS, keeps an optimal number of nodes active to achieve minimum energy consumption
in a round, and puts the remaining nodes into sleep mode for a while.
Under some conditions, the optimum number can be greater than the minimum
number of nodes required to cover an area. We also derive the conditions under
which keeping more nodes alive can be more energy efficient. The extensive simulation
experiments we performed to evaluate our PEDAP and PENS protocols
show that they can be effective methods to improve wireless sensor network lifetime
for data gathering applications where nodes have power-control capability
and where perfect data aggregation can be used.Tan, Hüseyin ÖzgürPh.D
A Secure and Low-Energy Zone-based Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocol for Pollution Monitoring
[EN] Sensor networks can be used in many sorts of environments. The increase of pollution and carbon footprint are nowadays an important environmental problem. The use of sensors and sensor networks can help to make an early detection in order to mitigate their effect over the medium. The deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) requires high-energy efficiency and secures mechanisms to ensure the data veracity. Moreover, when WSNs are deployed in harsh environments, it is very difficult to recharge or replace the sensor's batteries. For this reason, the increase of network lifetime is highly desired. WSNs also work in unattended environments, which is vulnerable to different sort of attacks. Therefore, both energy efficiency and security must be considered in the development of routing protocols for WSNs. In this paper, we present a novel Secure and Low-energy Zone-based Routing Protocol (SeLeZoR) where the nodes of the WSN are split into zones and each zone is separated into clusters. Each cluster is controlled by a cluster head. Firstly, the information is securely sent to the zone-head using a secret key; then, the zone-head sends the data to the base station using the secure and energy efficient mechanism. This paper demonstrates that SeLeZoR achieves better energy efficiency and security levels than existing routing protocols for WSNs.Mehmood, A.; Lloret, J.; Sendra, S. (2016). A Secure and Low-Energy Zone-based Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocol for Pollution Monitoring. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 16(17):2869-2883. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2734S286928831617Sendra S Deployment of efficient wireless sensor nodes for monitoring in rural, indoor and underwater environments 2013Javaid, N., Qureshi, T. N., Khan, A. H., Iqbal, A., Akhtar, E., & Ishfaq, M. 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Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering, 276-279. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04265-2_41Jain T Wireless environmental monitoring system (wems) using data aggregation in a bidirectional hybrid protocol In Proc of the 6th International Conference ICISTM 2012 2012Senouci, M. R., Mellouk, A., Senouci, H., & Aissani, A. (2012). Performance evaluation of network lifetime spatial-temporal distribution for WSN routing protocols. 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IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(1), 45-55. doi:10.1109/jsen.2010.2051539Parra L Sendra S Jimenez JM Lloret J Smart system to detect and track pollution in marine environments, in proc. of the 2015 2015 1503 1508Atto, M., & Guy, C. (2014). Routing Protocols and Quality of Services for Security Based Applications Using Wireless Video Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 6(3), 119. doi:10.5296/npa.v6i3.5802Liu, Z., Zheng, Q., Xue, L., & Guan, X. (2012). A distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm with improved coverage in wireless sensor networks. Future Generation Computer Systems, 28(5), 780-790. doi:10.1016/j.future.2011.04.019Bri D Sendra S Coll H Lloret J How the atmospheric variables affect to the WLAN datalink layer parameters 2010Ganesh, S., & Amutha, R. (2013). Efficient and secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks through SNR based dynamic clustering mechanisms. 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EMEEDP: Enhanced Multi-hop Energy Efficient Distributed Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network
In WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) every sensor node sensed the data and
transmit it to the CH (Cluster head) or BS (Base Station). Sensors are randomly
deployed in unreachable areas, where battery replacement or battery charge is
not possible. For this reason, Energy conservation is the important design goal
while developing a routing and distributed protocol to increase the lifetime of
WSN. In this paper, an enhanced energy efficient distributed protocol for
heterogeneous WSN have been reported. EMEEDP is proposed for heterogeneous WSN
to increase the lifetime of the network. An efficient algorithm is proposed in
the form of flowchart and based on various clustering equation proved that the
proposed work accomplishes longer lifetime with improved QOS parameters
parallel to MEEP. A WSN implemented and tested using Raspberry Pi devices as a
base station, temperature sensors as a node and xively.com as a cloud. Users
use data for decision purpose or business purposes from xively.com using
internet.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1409.1412 by other author
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