A selection framework for derivative products: Development of an impact metric and platform value assessment methodology

In today’s product development environment, most companies develop product platforms due to the time and cost advantages that are reaped on subsequent development efforts. Many Research and Development (R&D) efforts conclude with the establishment of a platform that anticipates certain technologies and/or markets. However, when a new unanticipated market or technology arises, firms often struggle to assess these opportunities. Most tools to date focus on the upfront decisions while the product platform is under development. There is little work that examines these decisions with the added constraint of a preexisting platform. This work proposes a new methodology derived from existing tools that address platform development, specifically, the development of derivative products given the constraints of existing platforms and new opportunities that were not identified during the development of the original platforms. The methodology estimates the impact of making a change in a specific part of the platform in order to integrate new technologies and develop new derivative products, using information theory and coupling indices that capture different aspects of a platform and are combined to extract the most relevant characteristics of each tool. This estimation is fed into a Real Options decision tree model that establishes the value of the opportunity conducting simulations for certain scenarios of markets to pursue, technologies to integrate, and existing platforms to use. The methodology is applied to a water cooler in order to illustrate the process using two different platforms under a common set of assumptions. This case study suggested that the proposed approach facilitated the decisions to integrate new technologies and pursue new markets from existing platforms. Opportunities for future work include examining the appropriate ways of combining Coupling Indices and Information Theory, the linkage between impact assessment and the cost of technology integration, and the relationship between the type of industry and the required investment to integrate technologies. In addition, a real application case would provide more meaningful results and allow the refinement of this approach

Propuesta de una política de inventario de muebles modulares con base en el índice de comunalidad.

En este texto se expondrán, los beneficios de la aplicación de la metodología DDMRP basándose en el indicador de comunalidad en la compañía caso de estudio, caracterizando la organización y sus materias primas. Iniciando con el planteamiento del problema que se presenta en la compañía y como se abordará de acuerdo a la metodología es DDMRP, después se aclaran diferentes conceptos necesarios para que el lector comprenda los conceptos más importantes relacionados en el documento y una revisión de la literatura donde se ha utilizado la metodología DDMRP y como se ha utilizado el indicador de comunalidad. Posteriormente se caracterizará la compañía y los procesos de abastecimiento, así como los objetivos principales del proceso de planeación y ventas y operaciones (S&OP) para exponer posteriormente el campo de ejecución y mejora con la propuesta de la metodología DDMRP. Para continuar con los principios de esta metodología y sus principales características, es decir, se presentarán las reglas básicas y los pasos para su ejecución. Luego de entregar al lector las herramientas suficientes para la compresión de la metodología y presentación de la empresa, se realizarán mediciones reales en categorías pilotos del nivel histórico de stocks de las distintas materias primas de los productos de portafolio, comparado el nivel de stock planteado por la compañía contra el arrojado por la metodología exponiendo la variación de los costos de inventario.PregradoINGENIERO(A) EN INDUSTRIA

모듈러 제품군 운영을 위한 다양성 관리 방법론

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2021. 2. 홍유석.글로벌 제조업체들은 다양한 제품을 출시하기 위해 모듈러 디자인 전략을 제품개발에 적용해왔다. 모듈러 디자인 전략은 제품을 모듈 단위로 구분한 후, 여러 종류의 모듈을 조합하여 새로운 제품을 만드는 전략이다. 모듈러 디자인은 제조업체가 제품다양성을 달성할 수 있도록 하였지만, 제공하는 제품의 수가 무수히 많아지면서 제품다양성으로 인한 안 좋은 영향들이 설계 영역뿐만 아니라, 시장, 생산 영역에서 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 제품다양성의 안 좋은 영향을 줄일 수 있도록 이를 체계적으로 개발하고 운영하는 다양성 관리(variety management) 방법론을 제안한다. 다양성 관리를 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서는 교차영역 관점과 변종 수준 관점의 접근이 필요하다. 교차영역 관점은 제품다양성이 영향을 미치는 시장, 설계, 생산 영역의 요소들의 연결관계를 정립하는 메커니즘을 제공하며, 변종 수준 관점은 일반적인 요소(elements) 수준에서 한 단계 내려가 다양성 관리에 실제 문제가 되는 각 요소들의 변종들(variants)을 체계적으로 관리할 수 있도록 한다. 이 두 가지 관점에서, 본 논문은 다양성 관리에서 중요하게 다루어야 할 세 가지 과제–예상치 못한 변종의 발생 방지, 설계 복잡성 감축, 시장 점유율과 복잡성 비용 사이의 균형 잡기–를 해결하기 위한 방법론을 제안한다. 첫 번째 주제에서는, 아키텍처 기반의 접근법을 활용한 변종 관리 아키텍처(VA, variation architecture)를 도입하여 예상치 못한 변종의 발생을 방지하고자 한다. 개발 아키텍처는 모듈러 제품군을 개발할 때 사용하는 일종의 참조 아키텍처로, 시장 속성, 설계 모듈, 생산 설비의 연결관계를 정의하는 교차영역 연결 메커니즘을 제공한다. 변종 관리 아키텍처에서는 일반 수준의 계획과 변종 수준의 계획을 함께 세울 수 있다. 일반 수준에서는 요소 간 연결관계의 종류를 정의하여 제품군의 다양성 수준을 결정하고, 변종 수준에서는 변종들 간의 조합 규칙을 설정하여 불필요한 변종의 발생을 최소화한다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 제조업체가 변종 관리 아키텍처를 활용할 수 있도록 아키텍처 구축 프레임워크를 제안한다. 사례 연구에서는 자동차 프론트섀시 제품군을 통해 제품 및 변종의 수를 상당히 줄일 수 있음을 보여 줌으로써 프레임워크의 실용성을 검증한다. 다음으로, 인터페이스 표준화 개념을 적용하여 변종들 간의 복잡한 관계로부터 발생하는 설계 복잡성을 줄이는 연구를 수행한다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 인터페이스 설계 방법론은 하나가 아닌 다수의 표준 인터페이스를 사용하도록 허용한다. 모듈 변종들을 연결하기 위해 다수의 인터페이스를 도입하면, 인터페이스의 수와 적용범위에 따라 모듈러 제품군의 전체 구조가 달라지고 설계 복잡성 또한 다양한 양상으로 발생한다. 이를 측정하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 인터페이스의 선택에 영향을 받는 두 가지 복잡성 지표를–인터페이스 표준화 복잡성과 통합 복잡성을–정의한다. 인터페이스 표준화 복잡성은 표준 인터페이스를 설계할 때, 모듈 변종 설계자 간의 조율에 필요한 맨아워(person-hour)를 계산하고, 통합 복잡성은 각각의 모듈 변종과 인터페이스를 통합된 제품으로 설계하는데 필요로 하는 노력의 양으로, 위상적 복잡성(topological complexity) 지표를 기반으로 측정한다. 본 연구에서는 두 가지 복잡성을 최소화하는 인터페이스 설계 대안을 찾기 위한 프레임워크를 제공한다. 사례 연구에서 이의 적용성을 보여주기 위해 프론트섀시 제품군에 맞는 최적의 인터페이스 수와 제품군 구조를 도출한다. 마지막 주제에서는, 시장 점유율과 복잡성 비용의 균형을 맞추는 최적 제품 종수를 찾기 위한 최적화 모델을 개발한다. 최적화 모델은 제품을 구성하는 모듈 변종을 기반으로 모델링되고, 제품 및 모듈 종수가 증가함에 따라 시장 점유율의 증가분이 줄어들고, 반대로 복잡성 비용의 증가분은 늘어나는 특성을 반영한다. 시장 점유율을 구하기 위해 네스티드 로짓 모델(nested logit model)을 기반으로 하는 수요 모델을 개발한다. 네스티드 로짓 모델에서는 동일 제품군 내 제품들의 유사성을 고려하여 시장 점유율의 증가분이 줄어드는 특성을 반영한다. 다음으로, 제로베이스 원가계산 접근법(zero-based costing approach)을 활용한 복잡성 비용 모델을 도입한다. 이 접근법에서는 제품 혹은 모듈의 종수가 한 단위씩 늘어날 때 발생하는 비용을 단계적으로 계산하는 방법을 사용한다. 마지막으로, 수요 모델과 복잡성 비용 모델을 합친 최적화 모델(optimization model)을 모델링하여 최적 제품 종수와 제품의 모듈 구성을 도출하는 연구를 수행한다. 사례 연구에서는 민감도 분석을 수행하여 각 상황별 최적해가 어떻게 달라지는 지 보여주어 연구에서 제안하는 모델들의 효과를 검증한다.Global manufacturing companies have been achieving product variety by implementing a modular design strategy in which product variants are created by combining, adding, or substituting modules. Providing a high variety of products, however, causes negative effects not only on design but also on market and production. Variety management that defines the right range of variants is one of the most critical issues for most of the manufacturing companies. This thesis aims to propose methodologies that enable companies to systematically reduce negative effects of variety. In order to achieve successful variety management, this study approaches the issue from two viewpoints: cross-domain and variant-level viewpoints. A cross-domain viewpoint supports establishing relationships between elements in market, design, and production domain that are affected by product variety, and a variant-level viewpoint enables to explicitly manage variants of elements that are the main source of negative effects. In these viewpoints, this thesis focuses on dealing with three important challenges in variety management: to prevent unexpected variants, to reduce design complexity, and to balance market share and complexity cost. In the first theme, an architecture-based approach named variation architecture is introduced to prevent unexpected variants. Variation architecture (VA) is defined as a reference architecture for a modular product family providing the scheme by which variants in market, design, and production domain are arranged by cross-domain mapping mechanisms. The VA consists of generic-level and variant-level plans. At the generic-level, mapping types between domain elements are determined, and at the variant-level, combination rules between variants are set to reduce unexpected variants. Then, a framework is proposed to increase the practicality of the VA so that its compositions are well defined. In the case study, the framework is applied to an automobile front chassis family. The result shows that the number of module variants is significantly reduced compared to the current number of variants in operation. Secondly, the concept of interface standardization is introduced to manage design complexity caused by complicated combinations between module variants. This theme proposes an interface design methodology that addresses multiple standard interfaces in a modular product family. A product family structure is changed by implementing multiple standard interfaces, generating design complexity. This study defines two complexities resulting from the introduction of multiple standard interfaces: standardization effort and integration effort. Standardization effort is estimated as a required person-hours for coordinating module variants to design a standard interface, and integration effort is measured as an effort to integrate all design elements based on the concept of topological complexity. A framework is proposed to identify an optimal product family structure that minimizes the two complexities. In the case study, the proposed framework identifies an optimal structure and the number of standard interfaces for the front chassis family. Then, the study conducts a sensitivity analysis to demonstrate the methodologys applicability in interface management. In the last theme, an optimization model is developed to identify an optimal product variety to balance market share and complexity cost. The model focuses on module variants, not just product variants, because a modular product family creates product variants by combining module variants. The model reflects the trends of concave increase in market share and convex increase in complexity cost as the number of variety increases. A demand model is developed by the nested logit model that shows the concavity of market share based on the similarity of product variants in the same family, and a complexity cost model is constructed by the zero-based costing approach that an incremental cost is estimated as a variant is added. Combining the models, an optimization model is formulated to find an optimal variety and configurations of product variants. The case study demonstrates the models effectiveness by analyzing optimal solutions in various situations.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Variety Management 1 1.2 Variety Management Challenges 5 1.3 Research Proposal: How to Deal with the Challenges? 7 1.4 Structure of Thesis 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 2.1 Variety Management Methodologies 11 2.1.1 Modular product family design 11 2.1.2 Product family architecture 13 2.1.3 Classification of the contributions 15 2.2 Modular Design and Complexity 17 2.2.1 Modular design 17 2.2.2 Interface design 19 2.2.3 Design complexity 20 2.3 Product Family Design and Variety 22 2.3.1 Product family design 22 2.3.2 Variety optimization 25 Chapter 3 Variation Architecture for Reducing the Generation of Unexpected Variants 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.1.1 Generation of unexpected variants 29 3.1.2 Needs for a systematic approach 31 3.2 Variation Architecture (VA) 33 3.2.1 Generic-level planning 34 3.2.2 Variant-level planning 41 3.3 Framework for Planning Product Variety 46 3.4 Application 47 3.4.1 Case description 47 3.4.2 Construction of variation architecture (VA) 49 3.4.3 Result and discussion 53 3.5 Summary 57 Chapter 4 Variant-level Interface Design for Reducing Design Complexity 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Variant-level Interface Design 61 4.3 Interface Design Complexity 64 4.3.1 Standardization effort 66 4.3.2 Integration effort 71 4.4 Framework for Variant-level Interface Design 76 4.5 Case Study 79 4.5.1 Application of the framework 79 4.5.2 Analysis and discussion 84 4.6 Summary 88 Chapter 5 Optimizing Product Variety for Balancing Market Share and Complexity Cost 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Evidence of the impact of variety on market share 94 5.3 Planning of Product Configurations 96 5.3.1 Product family architecture 96 5.3.2 Product configuration 98 5.4 Variety Optimization Model 100 5.4.1 Demand model 100 5.4.2 Complexity cost model 104 5.4.3 Optimization model 108 5.5 Case Study 110 5.5.1 Case description 110 5.5.2 Data source 112 5.5.3 Optimization setting 113 5.5.4 Result 115 5.5.5 Discussion 118 5.6 Summary 122 Chapter 6 Conclusion 125 6.1 Summary of Contributions 125 6.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions 127 Bibliography 129 Appendix A Variant-level Plan of a Front Chassis Family 147 Appendix B Adjacency and Combination Matrices of a Front Chassis Family 151 국문초록 155Docto

A usage coverage based approach for assessing product family design

En adoptant un point de vue utilitariste du consommateur sur certains produits orientés service, nous avons d'abord contribué à la proposition d un modèle de contextes d usage que se doit de couvrir au mieux un produit. Le modèle conduit à une meilleure intégration des analyses de marketing et d ingénierie de la conception amenant à une optimisation d'un produit paramétré plus orientée vers les besoins du marché ou à un meilleur étagement d'une famille de produits. Nous proposons une série d'indices qui révèlent l'adéquation entre les usages couverts par un produit de dimensions données ou une famille de produits donnée avec un espace d'usages cible qu il s agit de couvrir dans sa totalité ou en partie mais d'une manière suffisamment dominante par rapport à la concurrence. En premier lieu, l'indice de couverture d usage (UCI) pour un produit unique est introduit par la cartographie du produit relativement à un ensemble d utilisateurs représentatifs définis par des usages attendus. Sur cette base, l'UCI pour une famille de produits est construite pour évaluer la composition de la famille et la redondance des produits qui la composent. Les avantages par rapport à la traditionnelle estimation de la demande en marketing sont de réduire la complexité de l'enquête et de l'analyse des données et de pouvoir estimer le niveau de compétitivité d une offre innovante sans nécessiter de retour d expérience du marché. Nous expérimentons nos propositions sur un problème de reconception d une famille de scies sauteuses. L'approche proposée permet d'évaluer l'adaptabilité, pour une famille de produits de tailles croissantes, à divers scénarios dans le contexte d'usage d'un marché cible. Les concepteurs peuvent s'appuyer sur les résultats pour éliminer les produits redondants au sein d'une famille. Des configurations de produits de tailles croissantes peuvent aussi être rapidement simulées et comparées de manière à aboutir à une famille minimale de produits idéalement étagée.Adopting a utilitarian viewpoint of consumers on some service-oriented goods, we have first contributed to the proposal of a usage contexts model that a product should cover at most. The model leads to a higher integration of design engineering and marketing analyses which results in a more market-oriented optimization of a parameterized product or a better sampling of a product family. We propose a series of usage coverage indices that reveal the adequacy of a dimensioned product or a given product family to a targeted usage space to cover in its whole or for a part but sufficiently in a dominant way compared to competing products. First, the Usage Coverage Index (UCI) for single product is introduced by mapping the given product with a set of representative users defined by expected usages. On that basis, the UCI for a product family is constructed to evaluate the composition and redundancy of the family. The advantage compared to traditional demand estimation in marketing research is to reduce the complexity of survey and data analysis and to assess the competitiveness level of an innovative service offer without needing any return of experience from the market. We experiment our proposals on a jigsaw product family redesign problem. The proposed analysis approach helps to evaluate the adaptability, for a given scale-based product family, to diverse usage context scenarios in a target market. Designers can rely on the results to filter out redundant products within a family. Scale-based configurations of the products can also be rapidly simulated and compared to find out an appropriate sampled series of products.CHATENAY MALABRY-Ecole centrale (920192301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Managing Modularity of Service Processes Architecture

The world is increasingly turbulent with shorter and shorter technological life cycles and more and more frequent changes in customer demand. This situation implies that flexibility and agility are crucial for producers of products and services. Much effort has been directed toward understanding innovation and the ways in which management can increase the value of innovation efforts. As a consequence, suggestions emphasizing different aspects of innovation and creativity have been put forward. However, the value of architectural knowledge for innovation is increasingly recognized as crucial with modular architectures proposed as one way of increasing the rate of innovation by introducing flexibility and agility without sacrificing efficiency. Modularity is a way to design a system with the intent of reducing its complexity by decomposing the system and reducing interdependencies between the subsystems of the system through standardized interfaces. Systems designed in this way allow for greater flexibility through recombination; however, they retain efficiency by means of standardization and scale economies from the reuse of components. For this reason modular architectures present an interesting solution to the dilemma of whether to invest in innovation or in efficiency. The topic has received much attention in the face of demands from customers for increasingly heterogeneous products and services. However, an important aspect to keep in mind is that, while decomposition is a powerful way of reducing complexity, most real systems remain only nearly decomposable (Simon, 1962) or loosely coupled rather than uncoupled (Orton & Weick, 1990)...