Microprocesadores y microcomputadoras

Conferenci

Microprocesadores y microcomputadoras

Los microcomputadores son las máquinas que han hecho de la informática algo cotidiano y no un asunto para especialistas, como hasta hace muy poco tiempo lo eran los computadores. Ahora, millones de estas máquinas se esparcen por el mundo formando parte de las actividades de cualquier sector. También, del ocio y del hogar. ¿Qué puede decirse de los microprocesadores?. Este microcircuito no está sólo dentro de cada microcomputador, sino dentro de toda máquina computadorizada, tanto si se trata de una máquina herramienta, un reloj, un instrumento médico, el tablero de control de un automóvil o cualquier otra de las muchas decenas de miles de tipos de máquinas distintas que se han creado nuevas o que han innovado su estructura y organización interna,y por tanto su funcionalidad

Design of Efficient Algorithms Through Minimization of Data Transfers

This thesis explores the time optimal implementation of computational graphs on a finite register machine. The implementation fully exploits the machine architecture, especially, the number of registers. The derived algorithms allow one to obtain time efficient implementations of a given graph in machines with a known number of registers. These optimization procedures are applied to digital signal processing graphs. It is shown that the regular structure of these graphs allows one to identify computational kernels which, when used repeatedly, can cover the entire graph. The l- and r-register implementations of Hadamard and Fast Fourier Transforms using various computational kernels are studied for their code sizes and time complexities. The results obtained also allow one to select an optimal hardware devoted to a particular computational applicatio

Parallel Algorithms for Isolated and Connected Word Recognition

For years researchers have worked toward finding a way to allow people to talk to machines in the same manner a person communicates to another person. This verbal man to machine interface, called speech recognition, can be grouped into three types: isolated word recognition, connected word recognition, and continuous speech recognition. Isolated word recognizers recognize single words with distinctive pauses before and after them. Continuous speech recognizers recognize speech spoken as one person speaks to another, continuously without pauses. Connected word recognition is an extension of isolated word recognition which recognizes groups of words spoken continuously. A group of words must have distinctive pauses before and after it, and the number of words in a group is limited to some small value (typically less than six). If these types of recognition systems are to be successful in the real world, they must be speaker independent and support a large vocabulary. They also must be able to recognize the speech input accurately and in real time. Currently there is no system which can meet all of these criteria because a vast amount of computations are needed. This report examines the use of parallel processing to reduce the computation time for speech recognition. Two different types of parallel architectures are considered here, the Single Instruction stream - Multiple Data (S1MD) machine and the VLSI processor array. The SIMD machine is chosen for its flexibility, which makes it a good candidate for testing new speech recognition algorithms. The VLSI processor array is selected as being good for a dedicated recognition system because of its simple processors and fixed interconnections. This report involves designing SIMD systems and VLSI processor arrays for both isolated and connected word recognition systems. These architectures are evaluated and contrasted in terms of the number of processors needed, the interprocessor connections required, and the “power” each processor needs to achieve real time recognition. The results show that an SIMD machine using 100 processors, each with an MC68000 processor, can recognize isolated words in real time using a 20 KHz sampling rate and a 1,000 word vocabulary

Computadores personales

Este libro nace como consecuencia del convencimiento de su autor de que los ordenadores personales marcan un punto de inflexión histórica en la actividad y técnica informáticas. Los ordenadores personales constituyen un fenómeno social, pero no es en modo alguno un fenómeno que pueda ser considerado aisladamente de la informática ni de las tecnologías de la información en general. He creído que merecía un examen detenid