Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

[EN] Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.This work has also been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.Qureshi, KN.; Bashir, MU.; Lloret, J.; León Fernández, A. (2020). Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision. Journal of Sensors. 2020:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9040395S1192020Sneha, K., Kamath, R., Balachandra, M., & Prabhu, S. (2019). New Gossiping Protocol for Routing Data in Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture. Soft Computing and Signal Processing, 139-152. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3393-4_15Qureshi, K. N., Abdullah, A. H., Bashir, F., Iqbal, S., & Awan, K. M. (2018). Cluster-based data dissemination, cluster head formation under sparse, and dense traffic conditions for vehicular ad hoc networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 31(8), e3533. doi:10.1002/dac.3533Rault, T., Bouabdallah, A., & Challal, Y. (2014). Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey. Computer Networks, 67, 104-122. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.03.027Feng, X., Zhang, J., Ren, C., & Guan, T. (2018). An Unequal Clustering Algorithm Concerned With Time-Delay for Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 6, 33895-33909. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2847036Savaglio, C., Pace, P., Aloi, G., Liotta, A., & Fortino, G. (2019). Lightweight Reinforcement Learning for Energy Efficient Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Access, 7, 29355-29364. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2902371Srbinovska, M., Gavrovski, C., Dimcev, V., Krkoleva, A., & Borozan, V. (2015). Environmental parameters monitoring in precision agriculture using wireless sensor networks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 88, 297-307. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.036Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Diaz, J. (2009). A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513Qureshi, K. N., Din, S., Jeon, G., & Piccialli, F. (2020). Link quality and energy utilization based preferable next hop selection routing for wireless body area networks. Computer Communications, 149, 382-392. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2019.10.030Kumar, S. A., & Ilango, P. (2017). The Impact of Wireless Sensor Network in the Field of Precision Agriculture: A Review. Wireless Personal Communications, 98(1), 685-698. doi:10.1007/s11277-017-4890-zAnisi, M. H., Abdul-Salaam, G., & Abdullah, A. H. (2014). A survey of wireless sensor network approaches and their energy consumption for monitoring farm fields in precision agriculture. Precision Agriculture, 16(2), 216-238. doi:10.1007/s11119-014-9371-8Long, D. S., & McCallum, J. D. (2015). On-combine, multi-sensor data collection for post-harvest assessment of environmental stress in wheat. Precision Agriculture, 16(5), 492-504. doi:10.1007/s11119-015-9391-zFu, X., Fortino, G., Li, W., Pace, P., & Yang, Y. (2019). WSNs-assisted opportunistic network for low-latency message forwarding in sparse settings. Future Generation Computer Systems, 91, 223-237. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.08.031Mehmood, A., Khan, S., Shams, B., & Lloret, J. (2013). Energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering mechanism for WSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems, 28(5), 972-989. doi:10.1002/dac.2720Pantazis, N. A., Nikolidakis, S. A., & Vergados, D. D. (2013). Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(2), 551-591. doi:10.1109/surv.2012.062612.00084De Farias, C. M., Pirmez, L., Fortino, G., & Guerrieri, A. (2019). A multi-sensor data fusion technique using data correlations among multiple applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92, 109-118. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.09.034Rao, P. C. S., Jana, P. K., & Banka, H. (2016). A particle swarm optimization based energy efficient cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 23(7), 2005-2020. doi:10.1007/s11276-016-1270-7Fu, X., Fortino, G., Pace, P., Aloi, G., & Li, W. (2020). Environment-fusion multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Information Fusion, 53, 4-19. doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2019.06.001Liu, X. (2015). Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(10), 5372-5383. doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2445796Jan, N., Javaid, N., Javaid, Q., Alrajeh, N., Alam, M., Khan, Z. A., & Niaz, I. A. (2017). A Balanced Energy-Consuming and Hole-Alleviating Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Access, 5, 6134-6150. doi:10.1109/access.2017.2676004Gupta, G. P., Misra, M., & Garg, K. (2014). Energy and trust aware mobile agent migration protocol for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 41, 300-311. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2014.01.003Safa, H., Karam, M., & Moussa, B. (2014). PHAODV: Power aware heterogeneous routing protocol for MANETs. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 46, 60-71. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2014.07.035Liu, X. (2015). An Optimal-Distance-Based Transmission Strategy for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(6), 3484-3491. doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2372340Brar, G. S., Rani, S., Chopra, V., Malhotra, R., Song, H., & Ahmed, S. H. (2016). Energy Efficient Direction-Based PDORP Routing Protocol for WSN. IEEE Access, 4, 3182-3194. doi:10.1109/access.2016.2576475Abo-Zahhad, M., Ahmed, S. M., Sabor, N., & Sasaki, S. (2015). Mobile Sink-Based Adaptive Immune Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol for Improving the Lifetime and Stability Period of Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(8), 4576-4586. doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2424296Huynh, T.-T., Dinh-Duc, A.-V., & Tran, C.-H. (2016). Delay-constrained energy-efficient cluster-based multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Communications and Networks, 18(4), 580-588. doi:10.1109/jcn.2016.000081Shen, J., Wang, A., Wang, C., Hung, P. C. K., & Lai, C.-F. (2017). An Efficient Centroid-Based Routing Protocol for Energy Management in WSN-Assisted IoT. IEEE Access, 5, 18469-18479. doi:10.1109/access.2017.2749606Awan, K. M., Shah, P. A., Iqbal, K., Gillani, S., Ahmad, W., & Nam, Y. (2019). Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2019, 1-20. doi:10.1155/2019/6470359Sajwan, M., Gosain, D., & Sharma, A. K. (2018). CAMP: cluster aided multi-path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 25(5), 2603-2620. doi:10.1007/s11276-018-1689-0Varga, A. (2010). OMNeT++. Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, 35-59. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12331-3_3Lartillot, O., Toiviainen, P., & Eerola, T. (2008). A Matlab Toolbox for Music Information Retrieval. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 261-268. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78246-9_31Mathur, P., Nielsen, R. H., Prasad, N. R., & Prasad, R. (2016). Data collection using miniature aerial vehicles in wireless sensor networks. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, 6(1), 17-25. doi:10.1049/iet-wss.2014.0120Zou, T., Lin, S., Feng, Q., & Chen, Y. (2016). Energy-Efficient Control with Harvesting Predictions for Solar-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 16(1), 53. doi:10.3390/s16010053Song, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, X., & Feng, Y. (2012). Design of Wireless Sensor Network-Based Greenhouse Environment Monitoring and Automatic Control System. Journal of Networks, 7(5). doi:10.4304/jnw.7.5.838-844Nikolidakis, S., Kandris, D., Vergados, D., & Douligeris, C. (2013). Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Through Balanced Clustering. Algorithms, 6(1), 29-42. doi:10.3390/a6010029Ndzi, D. L., Harun, A., Ramli, F. M., Kamarudin, M. L., Zakaria, A., Shakaff, A. Y. M., … Farook, R. S. (2014). Wireless sensor network coverage measurement and planning in mixed crop farming. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 105, 83-94. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2014.04.01

Rate-distortion Balanced Data Compression for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a data compression algorithm with error bound guarantee for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using compressing neural networks. The proposed algorithm minimizes data congestion and reduces energy consumption by exploring spatio-temporal correlations among data samples. The adaptive rate-distortion feature balances the compressed data size (data rate) with the required error bound guarantee (distortion level). This compression relieves the strain on energy and bandwidth resources while collecting WSN data within tolerable error margins, thereby increasing the scale of WSNs. The algorithm is evaluated using real-world datasets and compared with conventional methods for temporal and spatial data compression. The experimental validation reveals that the proposed algorithm outperforms several existing WSN data compression methods in terms of compression efficiency and signal reconstruction. Moreover, an energy analysis shows that compressing the data can reduce the energy expenditure, and hence expand the service lifespan by several folds.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1408.294

An energy scaled and expanded vector-based forwarding scheme for industrial underwater acoustic sensor networks with sink mobility

Industrial Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (IUASNs) come with intrinsic challenges like long propagation delay, small bandwidth, large energy consumption, three-dimensional deployment, and high deployment and battery replacement cost. Any routing strategy proposed for IUASN must take into account these constraints. The vector based forwarding schemes in literature forward data packets to sink using holding time and location information of the sender, forwarder, and sink nodes. Holding time suppresses data broadcasts; however, it fails to keep energy and delay fairness in the network. To achieve this, we propose an Energy Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) scheme. ESEVBF uses the residual energy of the node to scale and vector pipeline distance ratio to expand the holding time. Resulting scaled and expanded holding time of all forwarding nodes has a significant difference to avoid multiple forwarding, which reduces energy consumption and energy balancing in the network. If a node has a minimum holding time among its neighbors, it shrinks the holding time and quickly forwards the data packets upstream. The performance of ESEVBF is analyzed through in network scenario with and without node mobility to ensure its effectiveness. Simulation results show that ESEVBF has low energy consumption, reduces forwarded data copies, and less end-to-end delay

Optimal coverage multi-path scheduling scheme with multiple mobile sinks for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually formed with many tiny sensors which are randomly deployed within sensing field for target monitoring. These sensors can transmit their monitored data to the sink in a multi-hop communication manner. However, the ‘hot spots’ problem will be caused since nodes near sink will consume more energy during forwarding. Recently, mobile sink based technology provides an alternative solution for the long-distance communication and sensor nodes only need to use single hop communication to the mobile sink during data transmission. Even though it is difficult to consider many network metrics such as sensor position, residual energy and coverage rate etc., it is still very important to schedule a reasonable moving trajectory for the mobile sink. In this paper, a novel trajectory scheduling method based on coverage rate for multiple mobile sinks (TSCR-M) is presented especially for large-scale WSNs. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with mutation operator is introduced to search the parking positions with optimal coverage rate. Then the genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted to schedule the moving trajectory for multiple mobile sinks. Extensive simulations are performed to validate the performance of our proposed method

A Survey on Energy-Efficient Strategies in Static Wireless Sensor Networks

A comprehensive analysis on the energy-efficient strategy in static Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that are not equipped with any energy harvesting modules is conducted in this article. First, a novel generic mathematical definition of Energy Efficiency (EE) is proposed, which takes the acquisition rate of valid data, the total energy consumption, and the network lifetime of WSNs into consideration simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the EE of WSNs is mathematically defined. The energy consumption characteristics of each individual sensor node and the whole network are expounded at length. Accordingly, the concepts concerning EE, namely the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective, are proposed. Subsequently, the relevant energy-efficient strategies proposed from 2002 to 2019 are tracked and reviewed. Specifically, they respectively are classified into five categories: the Energy-Efficient Media Access Control protocol, the Mobile Node Assistance Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme, and the Compressive Sensing--based Scheme. A detailed elaboration on both of the basic principle and the evolution of them is made. Finally, further analysis on the categories is made and the related conclusion is drawn. To be specific, the interdependence among them, the relationships between each of them, and the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective are analyzed in detail. In addition, the specific applicable scenarios for each of them and the relevant statistical analysis are detailed. The proportion and the number of citations for each category are illustrated by the statistical chart. In addition, the existing opportunities and challenges facing WSNs in the context of the new computing paradigm and the feasible direction concerning EE in the future are pointed out

Pushing towards the Limit of Sampling Rate: Adaptive Chasing Sampling

Measurement samples are often taken in various monitoring applications. To reduce the sensing cost, it is desirable to achieve better sensing quality while using fewer samples. Compressive Sensing (CS) technique finds its role when the signal to be sampled meets certain sparsity requirements. In this paper we investigate the possibility and basic techniques that could further reduce the number of samples involved in conventional CS theory by exploiting learning-based non-uniform adaptive sampling. Based on a typical signal sensing application, we illustrate and evaluate the performance of two of our algorithms, Individual Chasing and Centroid Chasing, for signals of different distribution features. Our proposed learning-based adaptive sampling schemes complement existing efforts in CS fields and do not depend on any specific signal reconstruction technique. Compared to conventional sparse sampling methods, the simulation results demonstrate that our algorithms allow $46\%$ less number of samples for accurate signal reconstruction and achieve up to $57\%$ smaller signal reconstruction error under the same noise condition.Comment: 9 pages, IEEE MASS 201

Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks

In this chapter, we present a literature survey of an emerging, cutting-edge, and multi-disciplinary field of research at the intersection of Robotics and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which we refer to as Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks (RWSN). We define a RWSN as an autonomous networked multi-robot system that aims to achieve certain sensing goals while meeting and maintaining certain communication performance requirements, through cooperative control, learning and adaptation. While both of the component areas, i.e., Robotics and WSN, are very well-known and well-explored, there exist a whole set of new opportunities and research directions at the intersection of these two fields which are relatively or even completely unexplored. One such example would be the use of a set of robotic routers to set up a temporary communication path between a sender and a receiver that uses the controlled mobility to the advantage of packet routing. We find that there exist only a limited number of articles to be directly categorized as RWSN related works whereas there exist a range of articles in the robotics and the WSN literature that are also relevant to this new field of research. To connect the dots, we first identify the core problems and research trends related to RWSN such as connectivity, localization, routing, and robust flow of information. Next, we classify the existing research on RWSN as well as the relevant state-of-the-arts from robotics and WSN community according to the problems and trends identified in the first step. Lastly, we analyze what is missing in the existing literature, and identify topics that require more research attention in the future