Enhanced perfusion following exposure to radiotherapy: a theoretical investigation

Tumour angiogenesis leads to the formation of blood vessels that are structurally and spatially heterogeneous. Poor blood perfusion, in conjunction with increased hypoxia and oxygen heterogeneity, impairs a tumour’s response to radiotherapy. The optimal strategy for enhancing tumour perfusion remains unclear, preventing its regular deployment in combination therapies. In this work, we first identify vascular architectural features that correlate with enhanced perfusion following radiotherapy, using in vivo imaging data from vascular tumours. Then, we present a novel computational model to determine the relationship between these architectural features and blood perfusion in silico. If perfusion is defined to be the proportion of vessels that support blood flow, we find that vascular networks with small mean diameters and large numbers of angiogenic sprouts show the largest increases in perfusion post-irradiation for both biological and synthetic tumours. We also identify cases where perfusion increases due to the pruning of hypoperfused vessels, rather than blood being rerouted. These results indicate the importance of considering network composition when determining the optimal irradiation strategy. In the future, we aim to use our findings to identify tumours that are good candidates for perfusion enhancement and to improve the efficacy of combination therapies

Radiobiology Textbook:Space Radiobiology

The study of the biologic effects of space radiation is considered a “hot topic,” with increased interest in the past years. In this chapter, the unique characteristics of the space radiation environment will be covered, from their history, characterization, and biological effects to the research that has been and is being conducted in the field. After a short introduction, you will learn the origin and characterization of the different types of space radiation and the use of mathematical models for the prediction of the radiation doses during different mission scenarios and estimate the biological risks due to this exposure. Following this, the acute, chronic, and late effects of radiation exposure in the human body are discussed before going into the detailed biomolecular changes affecting cells and tissues, and in which ways they differ from other types of radiation exposure. The next sections of this chapter are dedicated to the vast research that has been developed through the years concerning space radiation biology, from small animals to plant models and 3D cell cultures, the use of extremophiles in the study of radiation resistance mechanisms to the importance of ground-based irradiation facilities to simulate and study the space environment

Identification and characterization of novel drugs for the treatment of pediatric gliomas

Les astrocytomes (gliomes) sont les tumeurs cérébrales primaires les plus communes chez les adultes et le deuxième neoplasme le plus fréquent chez l’enfant. Malgré les traitements qui sont disponibles par chirurgie, chimiothérapie et radiothérapie, la résistance, la toxicité ainsi que les taux de guérison faibles conduisent à rechercher de nouvelles drogues plus efficaces. J'ai effectué un test de viabilité chimique avec une banque de molécules sur des lignées cellulaires dérivées de tumeurs cérébrales. J'ai découvert quatre nouveaux composés anti-cancéreux, à savoir: DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 et le Targetin, qui ont démontré une efficacité élevée et constante dans toutes les lignées de cellules tumorales du cerveau testées. En utilisant une variété de techniques de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire j'ai découvert que ces composés ont une efficacité significative pour inhibent des voies de progression clés dans les lignées de cellules de gliome pédiatrique de bas grade, à savoir: la viabilité, la prolifération, la migration et invasion, et avec seulement peu d'effets indésirables sur les cellules normales. En outre, tous les composés peuvent traverser la barrière hémato-encéphalique et inhiber la croissance de cellules de gliome pédiatrique de bas grade cultivées dans l'agarose mou. Une diminution de la viabilité cellulaire a été simultanément accompagnée à la fois pas l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire et l'apoptose avec la modification concomitante de l'expression de nombreux gènes qui favorisent la progression du cancer. De plus, une induction de l'apoptose impliqué dans translocation phosphatidylsérine, augmentation du ratio BAX/BCL2, dépolarisation de la membrane mitochondriale et translocation nucléaire du AIF a été observé. Comme EM011, le Targetin est également doté de propriétés anti-angiogéniques. Les résultats pré-cliniques de cette thèse montrent que les composés: DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 et Targretin, peuvent être utiles pour le traitement des gliomes pédiatriques. Les résultats de cette thèse servent de base pour futures études « in vivo » et des essais cliniques chez les patients pédiatriques atteints de gliomes.Astrocytomas (Gliomas) are the most common primary brain tumors among adults and second most frequent neoplasm among children. Although gliomas are treated aggressively with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, treatment resistance, drug toxicity and poor response rates among pediatric glioma patients, continue to drive the need to discover new and more effective chemotherapeutic agents. In line with this notion, I undertook a chemical viability screen involving a library of compounds to discover and characterize novel compounds with high efficacies in retarding the viability of a panel of brain tumor cell lines. I subsequently discovered four new anti-cancer compounds, namely DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 and Targetin, which demonstrated high and consistent potency in the panel of all brain tumor cell lines and cancer stem cells tested. Using a variety of in-vitro molecular and cell biology techniques, I discovered that these compounds have significant efficacies in abrogating key cancer progression pathways in pediatric low grade glioma cell lines, namely: cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, but with little/no adverse toxicity on normal cells. Furthermore, all compounds can cross the blood brain barrier and inhibit anchorage independent growth of pediatric low grade glioma cell lines in soft agarose. A decrease in cell viability was concurrently accompanied by both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with the concomitant alteration in the expression of numerous genes that promote cancer progression. Moreover, an induction of apoptosis involved increases in phosphatidylserine translocation, the upregulation of BAX/BCL2 ratio and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In addition, glioma cell lines treated with DK16 and EM011 showed further evidence of mitochondrial dissipation leading to the release and nuclear translocation of the apoptotic inducing factor (AIF), with subsequent nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, two compounds namely, EM011 and Targetin were found to perturb angiogenesis. These pre-clinical findings suggest DK16, Bpv(pic), EM011 and Targetin, can be suitable for the treatment of pediatric gliomas and serve the basis for future in-vivo studies and clinical trials to further validate the mechanism of action and their efficacies among Pediatric patients with gliomas

The Shaping of Cancer by the Tumour Microenvironment and Its Relevance for Cancer Therapy

In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy

Strength of spatial correlation between gray matter connectivity and patterns of proto-oncogene and neural network construction gene expression is associated with diffuse glioma survival

IntroductionLike other forms of neuropathology, gliomas appear to spread along neural pathways. Accordingly, our group and others have previously shown that brain network connectivity is highly predictive of glioma survival. In this study, we aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms of this relationship via imaging transcriptomics.MethodsWe retrospectively obtained presurgical, T1-weighted MRI datasets from 669 adult patients, newly diagnosed with diffuse glioma. We measured brain connectivity using gray matter networks and coregistered these data with a transcriptomic brain atlas to determine the spatial co-localization between brain connectivity and expression patterns for 14 proto-oncogenes and 3 neural network construction genes.ResultsWe found that all 17 genes were significantly co-localized with brain connectivity (p < 0.03, corrected). The strength of co-localization was highly predictive of overall survival in a cross-validated Cox Proportional Hazards model (mean area under the curve, AUC = 0.68 +/− 0.01) and significantly (p < 0.001) more so for a random forest survival model (mean AUC = 0.97 +/− 0.06). Bayesian network analysis demonstrated direct and indirect causal relationships among gene-brain co-localizations and survival. Gene ontology analysis showed that metabolic processes were overexpressed when spatial co-localization between brain connectivity and gene transcription was highest (p < 0.001). Drug-gene interaction analysis identified 84 potential candidate therapies based on our findings.DiscussionOur findings provide novel insights regarding how gene-brain connectivity interactions may affect glioma survival

Clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging based functional and structural connectivity

Advances in computational neuroimaging techniques have expanded the armamentarium of imaging tools available for clinical applications in clinical neuroscience. Non-invasive, in vivo brain MRI structural and functional network mapping has been used to identify therapeutic targets, define eloquent brain regions to preserve, and gain insight into pathological processes and treatments as well as prognostic biomarkers. These tools have the real potential to inform patient-specific treatment strategies. Nevertheless, a realistic appraisal of clinical utility is needed that balances the growing excitement and interest in the field with important limitations associated with these techniques. Quality of the raw data, minutiae of the processing methodology, and the statistical models applied can all impact on the results and their interpretation. A lack of standardization in data acquisition and processing has also resulted in issues with reproducibility. This limitation has had a direct impact on the reliability of these tools and ultimately, confidence in their clinical use. Advances in MRI technology and computational power as well as automation and standardization of processing methods, including machine learning approaches, may help address some of these issues and make these tools more reliable in clinical use. In this review, we will highlight the current clinical uses of MRI connectomics in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders; balancing emerging applications and technologies with limitations of connectivity analytic approaches to present an encompassing and appropriate perspective

Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Targeting Glioma

Novel Therapeutic Concepts for Targeting Glioma offers a comprehensive collection of current information and the upcoming possibilities for designing new therapies for Glioma by an array of experts ranging from Cell Biologists to Oncologists and Neurosurgeons. A variety of topics cover therapeutic strategies based on Cell Signaling, Gene Therapy, Drug Therapy and Surgical methods providing the reader with a unique opportunity to expand and advance his knowledge of the field