Penggunaan Metode Stek Untuk Perbanyakan Tanaman Alamanda (Allamanda Cathartica)

Tanaman alamanda (Allamanda cathartica) merupakan salah satu genus dari famili Apocynaceae yang berasal dari Brazil Amerika Serikat. Alamanda mempunyai nama daerah Lame areuy (sunda) dan bunga akar kuning (melayu). Perbanyakan alamanda dengan menggunakan metode stek. Stek adalah menumbuhkan bagian atau potongan tanaman sehingga menjadi tanaman baru. Stek memiliki keuntungan yaitu dapat menghasilkan tanaman yang sempurna dalam relatif singkat. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah agar pratikan dapat mengetahui serta memahami metode stek pada tanaman Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN SAMPO ANTIKETOMBE EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ALAMANDA (Allamanda cathartica L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN SAMPO ANTIKETOMBE EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ALAMANDA (Allamanda cathartica L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO Mardinda Bellia Sitompul1), Paulina V.Y YamLean1), Novel S. Kojong1) 1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT Dandruff is an anomaly condition on the scalp and one of the causal factor is Candida albicans. Allamanda cathartica leaf a natural substance which is containing of anti-fungi compound, namely alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, triterpenoid, and steroid. The purpose of this research was to make the formulation of anti-dandruff shampoo preparation of Allamanda cathartica Leaf Ethanol Extract with three variations of concentration which were 15%, 30% and 45% and to examine the increasing concentration effect of Allamanda cathartica Leaf Ethanol Extract in anti-dandruff shampoo preparation to anti-fungi activity. The result of this research proved that Allamanda cathartica leaf could be formulated as an anti-dandruff shampoo preparation which was eligible in organoleptic, pH, foam height and water level. Anti-fungi activity was examined with well diffusion test to determine the anti-fungi activity by observing the inhibited area. One way anova test showed that there were the significant difference in the diameter of inhibitory zone and was continued with Duncan test with 5% of confidence level showed that the highest inhibitory zone diameter was in concentration 45% and control (+) Ketomed Ketoconazole shampoo. Keywords: Allamanda cathartica leaf, anti-dandruff shampoo, Candida albicans ABSTRAK Ketombe merupakan suatu keadaan anomali pada kulit kepala dan salah satu penyebabnya ialah jamur Candida albicans. Daun Allamanda cathartica merupakan bahan alam yang mengandung senyawa antijamur, yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, triterpenoid dan steroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi sediaan sampo antiketombe ekstrak etanol daun Allamanda cathartica dengan tiga variasi konsentrasi yakni 15%, 30% dan 45% dan menguji pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun Allamanda cathartica pada sediaan sampo antiketombe terhadap aktivitas antijamur. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa daun Allamanda cathartica dapat diformulasikan sebagai sediaan sampo antiketombe yang memenuhi persyaratan seperti organoleptik, pH, tinggi busa dan kadar air. Uji aktivitas antijamur dilakukan dengan metode difusi cara sumuran untuk mengetahui efektivitas antijamur dengan mengamati daerah hambatan. Uji one way anova menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada diameter zona hambat dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan dengan taraf kepercayaan 5% menunjukkan diameter zona hambat tertinggi pada konsentrasi 45% dan kontrol (+) sampo Ketomed Ketokonazol.   Kata kunci: daun Allamanda cathartica, sampo antiketombe, Candida albicans

Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Dan Toksisitas Dengan Metode Bslt Serta Penapisan Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Alamanda (Allamanda Cathartica L.)

- Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.) leaves has an antioxidant and toxicitypotential. Leaves extracted by maceration with ethanol, and partitioned with petroleum ether , ethyl acetate , methanol and chloroform. The extract was tested the antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method and its toxicity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)method.Phytochemical screening of the extract condensed done to determine the content of secondary metabolites. The Antimicrobial activity test showed that the phase of petroleum ether , ethyl acetate, chloroform and metanol alamanda leaves potentially inhibit Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed for the phase petroleum ether of alamanda which inhibited zone 10.45 mm against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Whereas the phase ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanolphase of alamanda showed the largest inhibition zone respectively 7.33 mm , 8.59 mm and 7.02 mm against Candida albicans. The toxicity tests of alamanda leaf extracts against larvae shrimp ( Artemia salina Leach ) showed that the petroleum ether phase has LC50 values of 64.13 ppm was toxic , the ethyl acetate phase at 26.55 ppm was highly toxic , the chloroform phase at 23.39 ppm was highly toxic and metanol extracts of 38.19 ppm were toxic . Phytochemical screening of the leaf powder and methanol phase of alamanda contained alkaloids , flavonoids , saponins , tannins and steroids / triterpenoids . Petroleum ether phase contained steroids / triterpenoids , whereas the ethyl acetate phase contained alkaloids , saponins , tannins and steroids , and the chloroform phase containing alkaloids , flavonoids , saponins and steroids / triterpenoids

FLORAL EXTRACTS OF ALLAMANDA BLANCHETII AND ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA ARE COMPARATIVELY HIGHER RESOURCE OF ANTI-OXIDANTS AND POLYSACCHARIDES THAN LEAF AND STEM EXTRACTS

Objective: The present study undertakes a comparative analysis of the level of secondary metabolites present in the leaf, flower and stem of the two ornamental plants, Allamanda blanchetii and Allamanda cathartica.Methods: The two plant species, Allamanda blanchetii and Allamanda cathartica were collected, washed, shade dried in room temperature and powered in mechanical grinder. Phytochemicals were extracted from the power with methanol and double distilled water. The estimation of flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharide were done by standard methods and the anti-oxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) discoloration assay.Results: Our study reveals that the flower of both species contain highest amount of secondary metabolites in crude methanolic and aqueous extracts. In case of leaf, the methanolic extracts contain higher amount of polyphenol, flavonoid and anti-oxidant property in comparison to aqueous extracts, where as the aqueous extract contain higher amount of polysaccharide content than its counterpart. In stem, crude organic extract has higher amount of polyphenol and flavonoid and the aqueous extract has higher amount of polysaccharide and anti-oxidant property.Conclusion: The flower of Allamanda cathartica and Allamanda blanchetii has higher amount of flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharide and the floral extracts display comparatively higher anti-oxidant property

Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. and Laurus nobilis. L. extracts on rats

BACKGROUND: Allamanda cathartica. L. is a perennial shrub used in traditional medicine for treating malaria and jaundice. Laurus nobilis. L. is a tree and has been used for its astringent, healing and diuretic properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the aqueous extracts of Allamanda and Laurus nobilis to evaluate their wound healing activity in rats. METHODS: Excision and incision wound models were used to evaluate the wound healing activity of both the extracts on Sprague Dawley rats. In each model, animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. In both the model, group 1 served as control and group 2 as reference standard. In an excision wound model, group 3 animals were treated with Allamanda (150 mg kg(-1 )day(-1)) and group 4 animals were treated with Laurus nobilis (200 mg kg(-1 )b.w day(-1)) for 14 days respectively. In the case of incision wound model, group 3 and 4 animals were treated with the extracts of Allamanda and Laurus respectively for 10 days. The effects of vehicles on the rate of wound healing were assessed by the rate of wound closure, period of epithelialisation, tensile strength, weights of the granulation tissue, hydroxyproline content and histopathology of the granulation tissue. RESULTS: The aqueous extract of Allamanda promoted wound healing activity significantly in both the wound models studied. High rate of wound contraction (P < .001), decrease in the period of epithelialisation (10.2 ± 0.13), high skin breaking strength (440.0 ± 4.53), significant increase in the weight of the granulation tissue (P < .001) and hydroxyproline (P < .001) content were observed in animals treated with the aqueous extract of Allamanda. Histological studies of the granulation tissue from the Allamanda treated group showed the presence of a lesser number of inflammatory cells, and increased collagen formation than the control. In Laurus nobilis treated animals, the rate of wound contraction, weight of the granulation tissue and hydroxyproline content were moderately high (P < .05). The histological study of the granulation tissue of the Laurus nobilis treated animals showed larger number of inflammatory cells, and lesser collagen when compared with the Allamanda treated group of animals. However, it was better than the control group of animals. CONCLUSION: The data of this study indicated that the leaf extract of Allamanda possesses better wound healing activity than the Laurus nobilis and it can be used to treat different types of wounds in human beings too

Hubungan Kekerabatan Fenetik Tujuh Anggota Familia Apocynaceae

Penelitian berjudul “Hubungan Kekerabatan Fenetik Tujuh Anggota Familia Apocynaceae” telah dilaksanakan pada tanggal 22 s.d 29 Februari 2016. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan fenetik tujuh anggota familia Apocynaceae. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan metode deskriptif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini tujuh spesies anggota familia Apocynaceae antara lain yaitu Allamanda cathartica, Plumeria acuminata, Alstonia scholaris, Catharanthus roseus, Nerium oleander, Cerbera manghas, dan Thevetia Peruviana. Parameter yang digunakan yaitu ciri morfologi batang, daun, bunga, buah dan biji dan jenis habitus. Analisis data melalui perhitungan Indeks Similaritas (IS). Selanjutnya dilakukan Analisis Cluster untuk mengelompokkan tanaman yang memiliki kesamaan karakteristik dari tujuh spesies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekerabatan sangat dekat terdapat pada kombinasi spesies Cerbera manghas dan Thevetia Peruviana dengan nilai IS= 0,82. Adapun kekerabatan dekat terdapat pada 11 kombinasi spesies dengan nilai indek similaritas berkisar antara IS= 0,71 - 0,53. Sebaliknya Kekerabatan tidak dekat terdapat pada 9 kombinasi spesies dengan nilai Indeks Similaritas berkisar antara IS= 0,50 - 0,38. Kesimpulannya adalah hubungan kekerabatan pada 7 spesies anggota familia Apocynaceae terdapat tiga katagori kekerabatan yaitu kekerabatan sangat dekat, dekat, dan tidak dekat. Kekerabatan sangat dekat ditunjukkan pada kombinasi spesies Cerbera manghas dan Thevetia Peruviana dengan Indeks Similaritas tertinggi yaitu 0,82. Sedangkan hubungan kekerabatan yang jauh ditunjukkan pada kombinasi spesies Allamanda cathartica dan Nerium oleander dengan nilai IS= 0,38

ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA LINN.: EXTRACTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS

Objective: Extraction and evaluation of the antifungal activity of extracts from leaves and flowers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) Linn.Methods: Leaves and flowers of A. cathartica were collected, dried and extracted by using well-established methods for alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and crude extracts in polar and non-polar solvents. Extracts were screened for antifungal activity using ‘Disc Diffusion Assay' against Candida albicans (Yeast), Aspergillus flavus and Tricophyton mentagrophyte (fungi). Inhibition zone (IZ), Activity index (AI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and Total activity (TA) were studied. Mean and standard deviation has also been calculated.Results: C. albicans found to be the most susceptible organism while T. mentagrophyte found to be resistant. Alkaloid of leaf (IZ= 22 mm, AI= 0.65±0.02, MIC= 0.156 mg/ml, MFC= 0.078 mg/ml, TA= 278.85 ml/g) showed the best activity against C. albicans. Pet ether extract (IZ= 12 mm, AI= 0.40±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 57.24 ml/g) and water extract (IZ= 13 mm, AI= 0.43±0.02, MIC= 0.312 mg/ml, MFC= 0.156 mg/ml, TA= 49.68 ml/g) of flower also showed very good activities against C. albicans. The range of MIC and MFC found to be 1.25-0.156 mg/ml and 0.625-0.078 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: Results indicate the good antifungal potency of extracts against tested microorganisms. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antifungal drugs

Bioactive Metabolite Produced by Phomopsis sp., an Endophytic Fungus in Allamanda cathartica Linn.

Endophytes are microbial entities that live within living tissues of plants. In most cases their relationship with the host plant is symbiotic and probably mutualistic. Many are capable of synthesizing bio-active compounds that can be used by the plant for defense against fungi and bacteria. Some of these compounds have been proven useful for novel drug discovery. By encouraging the endophytes to grow outside the plant in nutrient rich media, it is possible to harvest the bio-active compounds that they produce. In the present investigation we are trying to isolate endophytic fungi from Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae). The secondary metabolite obtained from the endophytic fungi was found to inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria. The compound was extracted with organic solvents and bioautogram was done to check compound’s antibacterial activity.  Thin layer chromatogram and various other spectroscopic analyses were done to identify the compound as terpene

Nutritional Compositions of the Nectar of Melliferous Plants and their Impact on Honey Production in Selected Vegetation Zones in Nigeria

Communication in Physical Sciences 2019, 4(1): 23-29 Authors: Ifiok D. Uffia, C. O. Akachuku &amp; O. E. Udofia Received 12 July 2019/Accepted 20 December 2019 Nutritional compositions of the nectar of melliferous plants and their impact on honey production were studied for 48 months in the mangrove vegetation (in Akwa Ibom and Rivers States in Nigeria) and rainforest vegetation (in Abia and Imo states in Nigeria). Nectar of melliferous plants was collected randomly for three years (2015-2017) and from two states in each of thevegetation zones during dry and raining seasons. Samples were also taken in the early and later stages of flowering and the plants selected for study were Helicteres ixora, Musa paradisiaca, Thevetia peruviana, Costus afer, Allamanda cathartica,Canna generalis and Setcreasea pallida. In each of the zones, nectar was extracted from the flowers directly, using a 10 µl capillary tube from the floral cup of 200-3000 flowers of melliferious plants. Measured concentrations of sugar and vitamins indicated that vitamin B2 contents had the least mean value of 0.066 mg/100g while vitamin C contents had highest mean value of 72.971 mg/100g. Mean concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose were 172.164 mg/100g, 172.893 mg/100g and 173.296 mg/100g respectively. Mean seasonal variability revealed that higher concentrations of vitamins and sugar in nectar of melliferous plantswas in the dry season indicating that the rate of biochemical processes within plants that produces nectar increases with increase in temperature