9 research outputs found
Advances in Databases - 28th British National Conference on Databases, BNCOD 28, Manchester, UK, July 12-14, 2011, Revised Selected Papers
Modern server systems schedule large amounts of concurrent requests constrained by, e.g., correctness criteria and service-level agreements. Since standard database management systems provide only limited consistency levels, the state of the art is to develop schedulers imperatively which is time-consuming and error-prone. In this poster, we present Smile (declarative Scheduling MIddLEware), a tool for developing domain-specific scheduling protocols declaratively. Smile decreases the effort to implement and adapt such protocols because it abstracts from low level scheduling details allowing developers to focus on the protocol implementation. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach by implementing a domain-specific use case protocol
Proceedings TLAD 2012:10th International Workshop on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases
This is the tenth in the series of highly successful international workshops on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases (TLAD 2012). TLAD 2012 is held on the 9th July at the University of Hertfordshire and hopes to be just as successful as its predecessors. The teaching of databases is central to all Computing Science, Software Engineering, Information Systems and Information Technology courses, and this year, the workshop aims to continue the tradition of bringing together both database teachers and researchers, in order to share good learning, teaching and assessment practice and experience, and further the growing community amongst database academics. As well as attracting academics and teachers from the UK community, the workshop has also been successful in attracting academics from the wider international community, through serving on the programme committee, and attending and presenting papers. Due to the healthy number of high quality submissions this year, the workshop will present eight peer reviewed papers. Of these, six will be presented as full papers and two as short papers. These papers cover a number of themes, including: the teaching of data mining and data warehousing, SQL and NoSQL, databases at school, and database curricula themselves. The final paper will give a timely ten-year review of TLAD workshops, and it is expected that these papers will lead to a stimulating closing discussion, which will continue beyond the workshop. We also look forward to a keynote presentation by Karen Fraser, who has contributed to many TLAD workshops as the HEA organizer. Titled âAn Effective Higher Education Academyâ, the keynote will discuss the Academyâs plans for the future and outline how participants can get involved
Proceedings TLAD 2012:10th International Workshop on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases
This is the tenth in the series of highly successful international workshops on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases (TLAD 2012). TLAD 2012 is held on the 9th July at the University of Hertfordshire and hopes to be just as successful as its predecessors. The teaching of databases is central to all Computing Science, Software Engineering, Information Systems and Information Technology courses, and this year, the workshop aims to continue the tradition of bringing together both database teachers and researchers, in order to share good learning, teaching and assessment practice and experience, and further the growing community amongst database academics. As well as attracting academics and teachers from the UK community, the workshop has also been successful in attracting academics from the wider international community, through serving on the programme committee, and attending and presenting papers. Due to the healthy number of high quality submissions this year, the workshop will present eight peer reviewed papers. Of these, six will be presented as full papers and two as short papers. These papers cover a number of themes, including: the teaching of data mining and data warehousing, SQL and NoSQL, databases at school, and database curricula themselves. The final paper will give a timely ten-year review of TLAD workshops, and it is expected that these papers will lead to a stimulating closing discussion, which will continue beyond the workshop. We also look forward to a keynote presentation by Karen Fraser, who has contributed to many TLAD workshops as the HEA organizer. Titled âAn Effective Higher Education Academyâ, the keynote will discuss the Academyâs plans for the future and outline how participants can get involved
Integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Language Resources Using Linked Data
This thesis is a compendium of scientific works and engineering
specifications that have been contributed to a large community of
stakeholders to be copied, adapted, mixed, built upon and exploited in
any way possible to achieve a common goal: Integrating Natural Language
Processing (NLP) and Language Resources Using Linked Data
The explosion of information technology in the last two decades has led
to a substantial growth in quantity, diversity and complexity of
web-accessible linguistic data. These resources become even more useful
when linked with each other and the last few years have seen the
emergence of numerous approaches in various disciplines concerned with
linguistic resources and NLP tools. It is the challenge of our time to
store, interlink and exploit this wealth of data accumulated in more
than half a century of computational linguistics, of empirical,
corpus-based study of language, and of computational lexicography in all
its heterogeneity.
The vision of the Giant Global Graph (GGG) was conceived by Tim
Berners-Lee aiming at connecting all data on the Web and allowing to
discover new relations between this openly-accessible data. This vision
has been pursued by the Linked Open Data (LOD) community, where the
cloud of published datasets comprises 295 data repositories and more
than 30 billion RDF triples (as of September 2011).
RDF is based on globally unique and accessible URIs and it was
specifically designed to establish links between such URIs (or
resources). This is captured in the Linked Data paradigm that postulates
four rules: (1) Referred entities should be designated by URIs, (2)
these URIs should be resolvable over HTTP, (3) data should be
represented by means of standards such as RDF, (4) and a resource should
include links to other resources.
Although it is difficult to precisely identify the reasons for the
success of the LOD effort, advocates generally argue that open licenses
as well as open access are key enablers for the growth of such a network
as they provide a strong incentive for collaboration and contribution by
third parties. In his keynote at BNCOD 2011, Chris Bizer argued that
with RDF the overall data integration effort can be âsplit between data
publishers, third parties, and the data consumerâ, a claim that can be
substantiated by observing the evolution of many large data sets
constituting the LOD cloud.
As written in the acknowledgement section, parts of this thesis has
received numerous feedback from other scientists, practitioners and
industry in many different ways. The main contributions of this thesis
are summarized here:
Part I â Introduction and Background.
During his keynote at the Language Resource and Evaluation Conference in
2012, Sören Auer stressed the decentralized, collaborative, interlinked
and interoperable nature of the Web of Data. The keynote provides strong
evidence that Semantic Web technologies such as Linked Data are on its
way to become main stream for the representation of language resources.
The jointly written companion publication for the keynote was later
extended as a book chapter in The Peopleâs Web Meets NLP and serves as
the basis for âIntroductionâ and âBackgroundâ, outlining some stages of
the Linked Data publication and refinement chain. Both chapters stress
the importance of open licenses and open access as an enabler for
collaboration, the ability to interlink data on the Web as a key feature
of RDF as well as provide a discussion about scalability issues and
decentralization. Furthermore, we elaborate on how conceptual
interoperability can be achieved by (1) re-using vocabularies, (2) agile
ontology development, (3) meetings to refine and adapt ontologies and
(4) tool support to enrich ontologies and match schemata.
Part II - Language Resources as Linked Data.
âLinked Data in Linguisticsâ and âNLP & DBpedia, an Upward Knowledge
Acquisition Spiralâ summarize the results of the Linked Data in
Linguistics (LDL) Workshop in 2012 and the NLP & DBpedia Workshop in
2013 and give a preview of the MLOD special issue. In total, five
proceedings â three published at CEUR (OKCon 2011, WoLE 2012, NLP &
DBpedia 2013), one Springer book (Linked Data in Linguistics, LDL 2012)
and one journal special issue (Multilingual Linked Open Data, MLOD to
appear) â have been (co-)edited to create incentives for scientists to
convert and publish Linked Data and thus to contribute open and/or
linguistic data to the LOD cloud. Based on the disseminated call for
papers, 152 authors contributed one or more accepted submissions to our
venues and 120 reviewers were involved in peer-reviewing.
âDBpedia as a Multilingual Language Resourceâ and âLeveraging the
Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Linked
Data Cloudâ contain this thesisâ contribution to the DBpedia Project in
order to further increase the size and inter-linkage of the LOD Cloud
with lexical-semantic resources. Our contribution comprises extracted
data from Wiktionary (an online, collaborative dictionary similar to
Wikipedia) in more than four languages (now six) as well as
language-specific versions of DBpedia, including a quality assessment of
inter-language links between Wikipedia editions and internationalized
content negotiation rules for Linked Data. In particular the work
described in created the foundation for a DBpedia Internationalisation
Committee with members from over 15 different languages with the common
goal to push DBpedia as a free and open multilingual language resource.
Part III - The NLP Interchange Format (NIF).
âNIF 2.0 Core Specificationâ, âNIF 2.0 Resources and Architectureâ and
âEvaluation and Related Workâ constitute one of the main contribution of
this thesis. The NLP Interchange Format (NIF) is an RDF/OWL-based format
that aims to achieve interoperability between Natural Language
Processing (NLP) tools, language resources and annotations. The core
specification is included in and describes which URI schemes and RDF
vocabularies must be used for (parts of) natural language texts and
annotations in order to create an RDF/OWL-based interoperability layer
with NIF built upon Unicode Code Points in Normal Form C. In , classes
and properties of the NIF Core Ontology are described to formally define
the relations between text, substrings and their URI schemes. contains
the evaluation of NIF.
In a questionnaire, we asked questions to 13 developers using NIF. UIMA,
GATE and Stanbol are extensible NLP frameworks and NIF was not yet able
to provide off-the-shelf NLP domain ontologies for all possible domains,
but only for the plugins used in this study. After inspecting the
software, the developers agreed however that NIF is adequate enough to
provide a generic RDF output based on NIF using literal objects for
annotations. All developers were able to map the internal data structure
to NIF URIs to serialize RDF output (Adequacy). The development effort
in hours (ranging between 3 and 40 hours) as well as the number of code
lines (ranging between 110 and 445) suggest, that the implementation of
NIF wrappers is easy and fast for an average developer. Furthermore the
evaluation contains a comparison to other formats and an evaluation of
the available URI schemes for web annotation.
In order to collect input from the wide group of stakeholders, a total
of 16 presentations were given with extensive discussions and feedback,
which has lead to a constant improvement of NIF from 2010 until 2013.
After the release of NIF (Version 1.0) in November 2011, a total of 32
vocabulary employments and implementations for different NLP tools and
converters were reported (8 by the (co-)authors, including Wiki-link
corpus, 13 by people participating in our survey and 11 more, of
which we have heard). Several roll-out meetings and tutorials were held
(e.g. in Leipzig and Prague in 2013) and are planned (e.g. at LREC
2014).
Part IV - The NLP Interchange Format in Use.
âUse Cases and Applications for NIFâ and âPublication of Corpora using
NIFâ describe 8 concrete instances where NIF has been successfully used.
One major contribution in is the usage of NIF as the recommended RDF
mapping in the Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) 2.0 W3C standard
and the conversion algorithms from ITS to NIF and back. One outcome
of the discussions in the standardization meetings and telephone
conferences for ITS 2.0 resulted in the conclusion there was no
alternative RDF format or vocabulary other than NIF with the required
features to fulfill the working group charter. Five further uses of NIF
are described for the Ontology of Linguistic Annotations (OLiA), the
RDFaCE tool, the Tiger Corpus Navigator, the OntosFeeder and
visualisations of NIF using the RelFinder tool. These 8 instances
provide an implemented proof-of-concept of the features of NIF.
starts with describing the conversion and hosting of the huge Google
Wikilinks corpus with 40 million annotations for 3 million web sites.
The resulting RDF dump contains 477 million triples in a 5.6 GB
compressed dump file in turtle syntax. describes how NIF can be used to
publish extracted facts from news feeds in the RDFLiveNews tool as
Linked Data.
Part V - Conclusions.
provides lessons learned for NIF, conclusions and an outlook on future
work. Most of the contributions are already summarized above. One
particular aspect worth mentioning is the increasing number of
NIF-formated corpora for Named Entity Recognition (NER) that have come
into existence after the publication of the main NIF paper Integrating
NLP using Linked Data at ISWC 2013. These include the corpora converted
by Steinmetz, Knuth and Sack for the NLP & DBpedia workshop and an
OpenNLP-based CoNLL converter by BrĂŒmmer. Furthermore, we are aware of
three LREC 2014 submissions that leverage NIF: NIF4OGGD - NLP
Interchange Format for Open German Governmental Data, N^3 â A Collection
of Datasets for Named Entity Recognition and Disambiguation in the NLP
Interchange Format and Global Intelligent Content: Active Curation of
Language Resources using Linked Data as well as an early implementation
of a GATE-based NER/NEL evaluation framework by Dojchinovski and Kliegr.
Further funding for the maintenance, interlinking and publication of
Linguistic Linked Data as well as support and improvements of NIF is
available via the expiring LOD2 EU project, as well as the CSA EU
project called LIDER, which started in November 2013. Based on the
evidence of successful adoption presented in this thesis, we can expect
a decent to high chance of reaching critical mass of Linked Data
technology as well as the NIF standard in the field of Natural Language
Processing and Language Resources.:CONTENTS
i introduction and background 1
1 introduction 3
1.1 Natural Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Open licenses, open access and collaboration . . . . . . 5
1.3 Linked Data in Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 NLP for and by the Semantic Web â the NLP Inter-
change Format (NIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Requirements for NLP Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Overview and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 background 15
2.1 The Working Group on Open Data in Linguistics (OWLG) 15
2.1.1 The Open Knowledge Foundation . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Goals of the Open Linguistics Working Group . 16
2.1.3 Open linguistics resources, problems and chal-
lenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.4 Recent activities and on-going developments . . 18
2.2 Technological Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 RDF as a data model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Performance and scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Conceptual interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ii language resources as linked data 25
3 linked data in linguistics 27
3.1 Lexical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Linguistic Corpora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 Linguistic Knowledgebases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 Towards a Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud . . . . . 32
3.5 State of the Linguistic Linked Open Data Cloud in 2012 33
3.6 Querying linked resources in the LLOD . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6.1 Enriching metadata repositories with linguistic
features (Glottolog â OLiA) . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6.2 Enriching lexical-semantic resources with lin-
guistic information (DBpedia (â POWLA) â
OLiA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 DBpedia as a multilingual language resource:
the case of the greek dbpedia edition. 39
4.1 Current state of the internationalization effort . . . . . 40
4.2 Language-specific design of DBpedia resource identifiers 41
4.3 Inter-DBpedia linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Outlook on DBpedia Internationalization . . . . . . . . 44
5 leveraging the crowdsourcing of lexical resources
for bootstrapping a linguistic linked data cloud 47
5.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.1 Processing Wiki Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.2 Wiktionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.2.3 Wiki-scale Data Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 Design and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.3.1 Extraction Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.2 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.3 Language Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.4 Schema Mediation by Annotation with lemon . 58
5.4 Resulting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6 Discussion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.1 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.2 Open Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6 nlp & dbpedia, an upward knowledge acquisition
spiral 63
6.1 Knowledge acquisition and structuring . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2 Representation of knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.3 NLP tasks and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.3.1 Named Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3.2 Relation extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.3.3 Question Answering over Linked Data . . . . . 67
6.4 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.4.1 Gold and silver standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
iii the nlp interchange format (nif) 73
7 nif 2.0 core specification 75
7.1 Conformance checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.2 Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.2.1 Definition of Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.2.2 Representation of Document Content with the
nif:Context Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.3 Extension of NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.3.1 Part of Speech Tagging with OLiA . . . . . . . . 83
7.3.2 Named Entity Recognition with ITS 2.0, DBpe-
dia and NERD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.3.3 lemon and Wiktionary2RDF . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8 nif 2.0 resources and architecture 89
8.1 NIF Core Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.1.1 Logical Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.2 Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.2.1 Access via REST Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2.2 NIF Combinator Demo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
8.3 Granularity Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
8.4 Further URI Schemes for NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
8.4.1 Context-Hash-based URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
9 evaluation and related work 101
9.1 Questionnaire and Developers Study for NIF 1.0 . . . . 101
9.2 Qualitative Comparison with other Frameworks and
Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.3 URI Stability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.4 Related URI Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
iv the nlp interchange format in use 109
10 use cases and applications for nif 111
10.1 Internationalization Tag Set 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
10.1.1 ITS2NIF and NIF2ITS conversion . . . . . . . . . 112
10.2 OLiA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.3 RDFaCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
10.4 Tiger Corpus Navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
10.4.1 Tools and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.4.2 NLP2RDF in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
10.4.3 Linguistic Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
10.4.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.4.5 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
10.4.6 Related Work and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.5 OntosFeeder â a Versatile Semantic Context Provider
for Web Content Authoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10.5.1 Feature Description and User Interface Walk-
through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.5.2 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10.5.3 Embedding Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.5.4 Related Work and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.6 RelFinder: Revealing Relationships in RDF Knowledge
Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.6.1 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10.6.2 Disambiguation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10.6.3 Searching for Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10.6.4 Graph Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10.6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11 publication of corpora using nif 143
11.1 Wikilinks Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11.1.1 Description of the corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11.1.2 Quantitative Analysis with Google Wikilinks Cor-
pus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
11.2 RDFLiveNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
11.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
11.2.2 Mapping to RDF and Publication on the Web of
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
v conclusions 149
12 lessons learned, conclusions and future work 151
12.1 Lessons Learned for NIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
12.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
12.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Instrumenten voor maatschappelijke betrokkenheid : Everzicht en analyse van vier cases
This technical report describes a study of the ways in which government authorities promote social engagement in support of public objectives. The research focused on how government policy instruments promote social engagement in support of public objectives. A long list of instruments was drawn up and four cases studies on the use of such instruments were carried out and analysed. The instruments are Green Deals, the Dutch National Fund for Green Investments (Groenfonds), the âAcceleration Agenda for the Do- Democracyâ (Versnellingsagenda Doe-democratie) and the âSocial Participation Codeâ (Code Maatschappelijke Participatie). Each of these can be seen as a different âflavourâ of the promotion of social engagement and of practices to learn from. The conclusions are that: 1) mobilising social engagement is not restricted to nature policy; 2) each instrument is part of a wider approach and has its own contexts and specific focus on social engagement, which can also shift over time; 3) the instruments investigated create an interface between national government and society; 4) as a result, social capital accumulates between parties and this can be used to give practical shape to social engagement; and 5) it is plausible that this actually takes place. Social engagement in support of public objectives is not yet standard practice, but is part of an emerging approach by a networking and responsive government in which society and government participate in each otherâs initiatives. For government authorities it is important to develop the capacity to do this and to take a systematic and learning-based approach in which attention is given to performance and legitimacy