Guest Editorial: Social and human aspects of cyber-physical systems

open6siIn the vision of Industry 4.0, the new industrial revolution is a revolution of cyber-physical systems, of which the Internet of Things forms a key foundation that has a great impact on the way people live, and the way businesses are organised. Cyber-physical systems are often considered feedback systems that integrate computation, networking, and physical processes, and more recently with ‘human-in-the-loop’ as one of the key research topics. The advances in social computing have connected human-inthe-loop in cyber-social systems such as Facebook and Twitter, while their social-physical activities are supported by the cyberphysical systems on or near their bodies and in their interconnected environments. Cyber-physical systems become an integral part of social-cyber-physical systems (SCPS) that weave into the sociotechnical fabric of human society. These hybrid systems, exhibiting both continuous (in physical and social spaces) and discrete (in cyberspaces) dynamic behaviour, give rise to not only new opportunities but also new challenges in designing products and services where human and technical aspects are massively intertwined. This Special Issue aims to present state-of-the-art research attempts and results on the topic of SCPS.openopenHu J.; Liang R.-H.; Shih C.-S.; Catala A.; Marcenaro L.; Osawa H.Hu, J.; Liang, R. -H.; Shih, C. -S.; CATALA MALLOFRE, Andreu; Marcenaro, L.; Osawa, H

Wireless Cyber-Physical Simulator and Case Studies on Structural Control

Abstract: Wireless Structural Control (WSC) systems can play a crucial role in protecting civil infrastructure in the event of earthquakes and other natural disasters. Such systems represent an exemplary class of cyber-physical systems that perform close-loop control using wireless sensor networks. Existing WSC research usually employs wireless sensors installed on small lab structures, which cannot capture realistic delays and data loss in wireless sensor networks deployed on large civil structures. The lack of realistic tools that capture both the cyber (wireless) and physical (structural) aspects of WSC systems has been a hurdle for cyber-physical systems research for civil infrastructure. This advances the state of the art through the following contributions. First, we developed the Wireless Cyber-Physical Simulator (WCPS), an integrated environment that combines realistic simulations of both wireless sensor networks and structures. WCPS integrates Simulink and TOSSIM, a state-of-the-art sensor network simulator featuring a realistic wireless model seeded by signal traces. Second, we performed two realistic case studies each combining a structural model with wireless traces collected from real-world environments. The building study combines a benchmark building model and wireless traces collected from a multi-story building. The bridge study combines the structural model of the Cape Girardea

Trust and Suspicion as a Function of Cyber Security in Human Machine Team (HMT) of Unmanned Systems

The research focuses on cyber-attacks on cyber-physical systems of the unmanned vehicles that are characteristically used in the military, particularly the Air Force. Unmanned systems are exposed to various risks as the capacity of cyber attackers continue to expand, raising the need for speedy and immediate responses. The advances in military technologies form the basis of the research that explores the challenges faced in the timely detection and response to cyber-attacks. The purpose of the research is to study the connections between operator suspicion and the detection and response to cyber-attacks alongside the identification of theory of suspicion as the theoretical framework. The paper further presents the experiment used and the interview questions that offer the basis for the recommendations and importance of the research while answering the research questions. The conclusion from the literature review, interview, and experiment indicates the need for training among operators in the Air Force to reinforce their capacity in the detection and response to cyber-attacks and other adverse events that could compromise the execution of the mission established for unmanned systems. The research offers recommendations that can be implemented by the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) in enhancing the security measures of unmanned systems

The 1st Advanced Manufacturing Student Conference (AMSC21) Chemnitz, Germany 15–16 July 2021

The Advanced Manufacturing Student Conference (AMSC) represents an educational format designed to foster the acquisition and application of skills related to Research Methods in Engineering Sciences. Participating students are required to write and submit a conference paper and are given the opportunity to present their findings at the conference. The AMSC provides a tremendous opportunity for participants to practice critical skills associated with scientific publication. Conference Proceedings of the conference will benefit readers by providing updates on critical topics and recent progress in the advanced manufacturing engineering and technologies and, at the same time, will aid the transfer of valuable knowledge to the next generation of academics and practitioners. *** The first AMSC Conference Proceeding (AMSC21) addressed the following topics: Advances in “classical” Manufacturing Technologies, Technology and Application of Additive Manufacturing, Digitalization of Industrial Production (Industry 4.0), Advances in the field of Cyber-Physical Systems, Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies throughout the entire product Life Cycle, Human-machine-environment interaction and Management and life cycle assessment.:- Advances in “classical” Manufacturing Technologies - Technology and Application of Additive Manufacturing - Digitalization of Industrial Production (Industry 4.0) - Advances in the field of Cyber-Physical Systems - Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies throughout the entire product Life Cycle - Human-machine-environment interaction - Management and life cycle assessmen

Designing evolving cyber-physical-social systems: computational research opportunities

In the context of the theme for this special issue, namely, challenges and opportunities in computing research to enable next generation engineering applications, our intent in writing this paper is to seed the dialog on furthering computing research associated with the design of cyber-physical-social systems. Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS's) are natural extensions of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS's) that add the consideration of human interactions and cooperation with cyber systems and physical systems. CPSS's are becoming increasingly important as we face challenges such as regulating our impact on the environment, eradicating disease, transitioning to digital and sustainable manufacturing, and improving healthcare. Human stakeholders in these systems are integral to the effectiveness of these systems. One of the key features of CPSS is that the form, structure, and interactions constantly evolve to meet changes in the environment. Design of evolving CPSS include making tradeoffs amongst the cyber, the physical, and the social systems. Advances in computing and information science have given us opportunities to ask difficult, and important questions, especially those related to cyber-physical-social systems. In this paper we identify research opportunities worth investigating. We start with theoretical and mathematical frameworks for identifying and framing the problem – specifically, problem identification and formulation, data management, CPSS modeling and CPSS in action. Then we discuss issues related to the design of CPSS including decision making, computational platform support, and verification and validation. Building on this foundation, we suggest a way forward

Observer-based Anomaly Diagnosis and Mitigation for Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) seamlessly integrate computational devices, communication networks, and physical processes. The performance and functionality of many critical infrastructures such as power, traffic, and health-care networks and smart cities rely on advances in CPS. However, higher connectivity increases the vulnerability of CPS because it exposes them to threats from both the cyber domain and the physical domain. An attack or a fault within the cyber or physical domain can subsequently affect the cyber domain, the physical domain, or both, resulting in anomalies. An attack or a fault on CPS can have serious or even lethal consequences. Traditional anomaly diagnosis techniques mainly focus on cyber-to-cyber or physical-to-physical interactions. However, in practice they can often be subverted in the face of cross-domain attacks or faults. In summary, the safety and reliability of CPS become more and more crucial every day and existing techniques to diagnose or mitigate CPS attacks and faults are not sufficient to eliminate vulnerability. The motivation of this dissertation is to enhance anomaly diagnosis and mitigation for CPS, covering physical-to-physical and cyber-to-physical attacks or faults. With the advantage of dealing with system uncertainties and providing system state estimation, observer-based anomaly diagnosis is of great interest. The first task is to design a multiple observers framework to diagnose sensor anomalies for continuous systems. Since CPS contain both continuous and discrete variables, CPS are modeled as hybrid systems. Utilizing the relationship between the continuous and discrete variables, a conflict-driven hybrid observer-based anomaly detection method is proposed, which checks for conflicts between the continuous and discrete variables to detect anomalies. Lastly, the observer design for hybrid systems is improved to enable observer-based anomaly diagnosis for a wider class of hybrid systems. The novel observer-based anomaly diagnosis and mitigation approaches introduced in this dissertation can not only diagnose anomalies caused by traditional faults, but also anomalies caused by sophisticated attacks. This research work can benefit the overall security of critical infrastructures, preventing disastrous consequences and reducing economic loss. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated mathematically and illustrated through applications to various simulated systems, including a suspension system, the Positive Train Control system and a microgrid system.PHDMechanical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147576/1/zhengwa_1.pd