Earth survey applications division: Research leading to the effective use of space technology in applications relating to the Earth's surface and interior

Accomplishments and future plans are described for the following areas: (1) geology - geobotanical indicators and geopotential data; (2) modeling magnetic fields; (3) modeling the structure, composition, and evolution of the Earth's crust; (4) global and regional motions of the Earth's crust and earthquake occurrence; (5) modeling geopotential from satellite tracking data; (6) modeling the Earth's gravity field; (7) global Earth dynamics; (8) sea surface topography, ocean dynamics; and geophysical interpretation; (9) land cover and land use; (10) physical and remote sensing attributes important in detecting, measuring, and monitoring agricultural crops; (11) prelaunch studies using LANDSAT D; (12) the multispectral linear array; (13) the aircraft linear array pushbroom radiometer; and (14) the spaceborne laser ranging system

Machine Learning and Data Mining Applications in Power Systems

This Special Issue was intended as a forum to advance research and apply machine-learning and data-mining methods to facilitate the development of modern electric power systems, grids and devices, and smart grids and protection devices, as well as to develop tools for more accurate and efficient power system analysis. Conventional signal processing is no longer adequate to extract all the relevant information from distorted signals through filtering, estimation, and detection to facilitate decision-making and control actions. Machine learning algorithms, optimization techniques and efficient numerical algorithms, distributed signal processing, machine learning, data-mining statistical signal detection, and estimation may help to solve contemporary challenges in modern power systems. The increased use of digital information and control technology can improve the grid’s reliability, security, and efficiency; the dynamic optimization of grid operations; demand response; the incorporation of demand-side resources and integration of energy-efficient resources; distribution automation; and the integration of smart appliances and consumer devices. Signal processing offers the tools needed to convert measurement data to information, and to transform information into actionable intelligence. This Special Issue includes fifteen articles, authored by international research teams from several countries

Airflow characteristics of modulated louvered windows with reference to the Rowshan of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

The main aim of this research project is to assess the potential of the modulated louvered windows (ML W) to provide ventilation as a cooling source to achieve thermal comfort inside buildings. It presents an intensive analysis of the characteristics of airflow as function of the various MLW parameters in order to provide designers with practical information about the performance of MLW in the control of natural ventilation inside the room. Some initial studies suggested the significance of adjustable horizontal louvered windows, or the MLW as they are referred to in this research, as an effective technique for the control of natural ventilation beside the other Environmental issues. In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the shelter adaptation to the hot-humid climate was achieved by employing a number of passive solutions, one of which, the MLW constructed in the Rowshan, was considered a main elevation treatment. The Rowshan, a projected window bay, covered in this study is constructed with adjustable louvers in a number of sashes arranged in rows and columns to control and alter breeze to the desired level inside the room. The Rowshan is also credited with controlling other environmental factors and is supposed to reflect social necessities. This thesis has investigated the airflow characteristics of the MLW with reference to the Rowshan of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. After reviewing the previous efforts and prediction techniques concerned, the research has conducted a series of experiments including laboratory and computation fluid dynamics (CFD) appraisal stages. The laboratory stage included the evaluation of the pressure drop (L1J') and the velocity drop (v/ve%) characteristics across the MLW. The pressure drop was examined under various airflow rates (Q) using the depressurising test chamber technique. The velocity drop (v/ve%) was examined under various prevailing wind conditions using the test chamber technique. This appraisal stage covered also the room configuration and its contribution to this effect. On the other hand, the CFD measurement has examined the viability of CFD coding to simulate airflow around the reviewed MLW. The predicted results obtained from CFD were compared against those obtained from the laboratory. Consequently, an intensive evaluation of airflow patterns of the common Rowshan configurations, including the plain and projected Rowshans, employed in leddah in conjunction with various outlet types was conducted. From the literature review, it has been concluded that the MLW played a major role in the provision and the control of natural ventilation in the traditional architecture of leddah, Saudi Arabia. The various appraisal stages showed that parameters such as louver inclination, aperture between louver blades and the free area of the MLW were more significant variables than the depth of louver blades. Nevertheless, the major pressure and velocity drops were not due to individual variable but rather to the combination of variables that would comprehensively describe M and v/ve% across the MLW. Practically, the design of the modulated louvered windows must give consideration to those variables that play an important role in altering airflow characteristics inside the room. It should also have an element of flexibility as this enables designers to approach their window treatments with a number of choices whilst retaining similar ventilation performances. Airflow velocities in a room containing an MLW result from an interaction of louver geometry, room geometry and prevailing wind conditions. As far as the Rowshan configuration was concerned, the plain Rowshan was generally better than the projected Rowshan. Yet the flow in the living zone could be enhanced by correctly sizing the projected Rowshan. Finally, CFD analysis has been successfully used to predict air velocities in the region close to the MLW side