27 research outputs found
Planification globale des réseaux mobiles de la quatrième génération (4G)
RÉSUMÉ
Dans le contexte actuel où l’information est la clé du succès, peu importe le domaine où l’on se place, les réseaux de télécommunications sont de plus en plus sollicités. D’énormes quantités d’informations circulent sur les réseaux à chaque seconde. Il est primordial d’assurer la disponibilité de ces réseaux afin de garantir la transmission de ces données en toutes circonstances.
Le problème de la planification des réseaux de télécommunications consiste à déterminer, parmi un ensemble de sites potentiels, ceux à utiliser afin de couvrir une zone géographique donnée. Il convient également de choisir les équipements à installer sur ces sites et de faire le lien entre eux en fonction de certaines contraintes bien définies. Depuis des dizaines d’années, plusieurs auteurs se sont penchés sur la résolution de ce problème dans le but de minimiser le coût d’installation du réseau. Ces auteurs se sont intéressés à divers aspects du problème sans le considérer dans sa globalité.
Certaines études ont été effectuées récemment sur la planification globale des réseaux mobiles. Les auteurs se sont intéressés aux réseaux de la troisième génération et ont proposé un modèle pour résoudre le problème de façon globale. Cependant, ils n’ont pas pris en compte la tolérance du réseau aux pannes qui pourraient survenir.
Cette thèse propose un cadre de planification globale pour les réseaux de la quatrième génération (la nouvelle génération des réseaux mobiles). La survivabilité du réseau est prise en compte dans cette étude. Le travail a été effectué en trois phases.
Dans la première phase, un modèle global incluant la tolérance aux pannes a été conçu pour la planification des réseaux 4G (WiMAX) et résolu de manière optimale avec un solveur mathématique, en utilisant la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. L’objectif du modèle consiste à minimiser le coût du réseau, tout en maximisant sa survivabilité. Afin de montrer la pertinence de la résolution globale, le modèle a été comparé à un modèle séquentiel avec les mêmes contraintes. Le modèle séquentiel consiste à subdiviser le problème en trois sous-problèmes et à les résoudre successivement. Un modèle global qui n’intègre pas les contraintes de fiabilité a également été conçu afin de vérifier l’effet des pannes sur le réseau. Les résultats obtenus par le modèle global proposé sont, en moyenne, 25% meilleurs que ceux des deux autres modèles.
Le problème de planification globale des réseaux et le problème de survivabilité des réseaux de télécommunications sont deux problèmes NP-difficiles. La combinaison de ces deux problèmes donne un problème encore plus difficile à résoudre que chacun des problèmes pris séparément. La méthode exacte utilisée dans la première phase ne peut résoudre que des instances de petite taille. Dans la deuxième phase, nous proposons une métaheuristique hybride afin trouver de "bonnes solutions" en un temps "raisonnable" pour des instances de plus grande taille. La métaheuristique proposée est une nouvelle forme d’hybridation entre l’algorithme de recherche locale itérée et la méthode de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. L’hybridation de ces deux méthodes permet de bénéficier de leurs avantages respectifs, à savoir l’exploration efficace de l’espace de recherche et l’intensification des solutions obtenues. L’intensification est effectuée par la méthode exacte qui calcule la meilleure solution possible à partir d’une configuration donnée tandis que l’exploration de l’espace est faite à travers l’algorithme de recherche locale itérée. Les performances de l’algorithme ont été évaluées par rapport à la méthode exacte proposée lors de la première phase. Les résultats montrent que l’algorithme proposé génère des solutions qui sont, en moyenne à 0,06% des solutions optimales. Pour les instances de plus grande taille, des bornes inférieures ont été calculées en utilisant une relaxation du modèle. La comparaison des résultats obtenus par l’algorithme proposé avec ces bornes inférieures montrent que la métaheuristique obtient des solutions qui sont, en moyenne à 2,43% des bornes inférieures pour les instances qui ne peuvent pas être résolues de manière optimale, avec un temps de calcul beaucoup plus faible.
La troisième phase a consisté à la conception d’une métaheuristique multi-objectifs pour résoudre le problème. En effet, nous essayons d’optimiser deux objectifs contradictoires qui sont le coût du réseau et sa survivabilité. L’algorithme proposé permet d’offrir plus d’alternatives au planificateur, lui donnant ainsi plus de flexibilité dans la prise de décision.----------ABSTRACT
In the current context where information is the key to success in any field where one stands, telecommunications networks are increasingly in demand. Huge amounts of information circulates on the networks every second. It is essential to ensure the availability of these networks to ensure the transmission of these data at any time.
The problem of planning of telecommunication networks is to determine, from a set of potential sites, those to be used to cover a given geographical area. One should also choose
the equipment to be installed on these sites and to link them according to certain well-defined constraints. For decades, several authors have focused on solving this problem in order to minimize the cost of network installation. These authors were interested in various aspects of the problem without considering it in its entirety.
Some studies have recently been performed on the global planning of mobile networks. The authors were interested in the third generation networks. They proposed a model to
solve the problem entirely, without breaking it down into sub-problems. However, they did not take into account the fault tolerance of network.
This thesis proposes a global planning framework for the fourth generation (4G) networks (the new generation of mobile networks). The survivability of the network is taken into account in this study. The work was conducted in three phases.
In the first phase, a global model including survivability has been designed for the planning of 4G (WiMAX) networks and solved optimally with a mathematical solver using the integer linear programing method. The objective of the model is to minimize the network cost while maximizing its survivability. To show the relevance of the global resolution, the model was compared to a sequential model with the same constraints. The sequential model is to divide
the problem into three sub-problems and solve them successively. A global model which does not include survivability constraints has also been designed to test the effect of failures on the network. The results show that the proposed model performs on average 25% better than
the two other models.
The problem of global network planning and the problem of survivability of telecommunications networks are two NP-hard problems. The combination of these two problems provides a problem even more difficult to solve than each problem taken separately. The exact method used in the first phase can only solve small instances. In the second phase, we propose a hybrid metaheuristic to find `good solutions' in a `reasonable time' for instances of larger size. The proposed metaheuristic is a new form of hybridization between the iterated local search algorithm and the integer linear programing method. The hybridization of these two methods can benefit from their respective advantages, namely the efficient exploration of the search
space and the intensification of the solutions obtained. The intensification is performed by the exact method that calculates the best possible solution from a given configuration while the exploration of the search space is made through the iterated local search algorithm. The
performance of the algorithm have been evaluated with respect to the exact method given in the first phase. The results show that the proposed algorithm generates solutions that are on average 0,06% of the optimal solutions. For the larger instances, the lower bounds
are calculated using a relaxation of the model. The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed algorithm with the lower bounds show that the metaheuristic obtains solutions that are on average 2,43% from the lower bounds, for the instances that cannot be solved optimally, within a much less computation time.
The third phase involved the design of a multi-objective metaheuristics to solve the problem. Indeed, we try to optimize two conflicting objectives which are the cost of network and its survivability. The proposed algorithm allows us to offer more alternatives to the planner,
giving him (her) more exibility in the decision making process
Models and optimisation methods for interference coordination in self-organising cellular networks
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyWe are at that moment of network evolution when we have realised that our telecommunication systems should mimic features of human kind, e.g., the ability to understand the medium and take advantage of its changes. Looking towards the future, the mobile industry envisions the use of fully automatised cells able to self-organise all their parameters and procedures.
A fully self-organised network is the one that is able to avoid human involvement and react to the fluctuations of network, traffic and channel through the automatic/autonomous nature of its functioning. Nowadays, the mobile community is far from this fully self-organised kind of network, but they are taken the first steps to achieve this target in the near future. This thesis hopes to contribute to the automatisation of cellular networks, providing models and tools to understand the behaviour of these networks, and algorithms and optimisation approaches to enhance their performance.
This work focuses on the next generation of cellular networks, in more detail, in the DownLink (DL) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based networks. Within this type of cellular system, attention is paid to interference mitigation in self-organising macrocell scenarios and femtocell deployments. Moreover, this thesis investigates the interference issues that arise when these two cell types are jointly deployed, complementing each other in what is currently known as a two-tier network. This thesis also provides new practical approaches to the inter-cell interference problem in both macro cell and femtocell OFDMA systems as well as in two-tier networks by means of the design of a novel framework and the use of mathematical optimisation. Special attention is paid to the formulation of optimisation problems and the development of well-performing solving methods (accurate and fast)
Planification d'un réseau de quatrième génération à partir d'un réseau de troisième génération
RÉSUMÉ
Avec l'arrivée des technologies 3G, les réseaux de télécommunications ont connu une grande expansion. Ces réseaux ont permis l'intégration de nouveaux services et un débit adéquat, permettant ainsi aux opérateurs de répondre à la demande croissante des utilisateurs. Cette rapide évolution a porté les opérateurs à adapter leurs méthodes de planification aux nouvelles technologies qui, augmentent la complexité au niveau du réseau. Cette complexité devient plus importante quand ces réseaux regroupent plusieurs technologies d'accès différents en un réseau hétérogène, comme dans le cas des réseaux mobiles de prochaine génération ou réseaux 4G. La planification fait alors intervenir de nouveaux défis tels que: l'augmentation considérable des demandes de services, la compatibilité avec les réseaux actuels, la gestion de la mobilité intercellulaire des utilisateurs et l'offre d'une qualité de services les plus flexibles. Ainsi, pour créer un réseau flexible aux ajouts et aux retraits d'équipements, une bonne méthode de planification s'impose. C'est dans ce contexte que se situe ce mémoire, qui vise à faire la planification d'un réseau 4G à partir d'un réseau 3G existant.
De façon générale, le problème de planification fait intervenir plusieurs sous-problèmes avec chacun un niveau de complexité différent. Dans ce travail, le sous-problème qui est traité concerne l'affectation des cellules aux commutateurs. Ce problème consiste à déterminer un patron d'affectation qui permet de minimiser le coût d'investissement des équipements du réseau 4G, tout en maximisant l'utilisation faite des équipements du réseau 3G déjà en place. Ainsi, la solution proposée est un modèle mathématique dont l’expression prend la forme d'un problème de minimisation de fonction, assujetti à un ensemble de contraintes. Il s’agit d’une fonction de coût qui regroupe: l’affectation des cellules (eNode B) aux MME et aux SGW, et l’affectation des SGSN aux MME et aux SGW. Puisque les MME et SGW peuvent être rassemblés dans une seule passerelle, une entité nommée SGM a été défini. Ainsi, la fonction prend en compte les coûts des affectations des eNode B et des SGSN aux SGM. Ce modèle est sujet aux contraintes de capacités des SGM et aux contraintes d'unicité sur les affectations des eNode B et SGSN aux SGM.
Le modèle mathématique proposé est constitué des coûts de liaisons des équipements du réseau 4G, des coûts de liaisons inter-réseaux, des coûts de relèves horizontales (intra réseau 4G) et des coûts de relèves verticales (inter-réseau 3G-4G). Le problème étant prouvé NP-difficile, la performance du modèle sera évaluée au moyen d'une méthode heuristique basée sur la recherche taboue. Pour adapter l'heuristique au problème d'affectation dans les réseaux 4G, des mouvements de réaffectation et de déplacement des nœuds eNode B et SGSN ont été définis. De même, un mécanisme de calcul de gain a été proposé, permettant d'évaluer l'apport de chaque mouvement sur le coût de la solution courante. Ainsi, les résultats numériques obtenus de l'implémentation de cette méthode, montrent que la méthode taboue accuse un écart moyen ne dépassant pas 30\% par rapport à la solution optimale. Alors que pour certains réseaux, l'heuristique a été en mesure de trouver des résultats ayant un écart moyen ne dépassant pas 1\% par rapport à la solution optimale trouvée dans les simulations.----------ABSTRACT
With the advent of 3G technologies, mobile networks have expanded greatly. These networks have enabled the integration of new services and an enough bandwidth, allowing operators to meet the growing demand of users. This rapid evolution has led the operators to adapt their planning approach that come with new challenges. Those challenges become more important when these networks are designed to support different radio access technologies within a heterogeneous mobile network, like 4G networks. In this case, planning those networks involves other challenges, such as the considerable increase in services requests, compatibility with existing networks, management of intercellular mobility of users and a good quality of offered services. Thus, in order to create a network that allows to add or to remove components, good planning approach is needed. It is in this context, this paper aims to address the problem that occurs when the planning of a 4G network is based on an existing 3G network.
The planning issue involves several sub-issue with a different level of complexity for each of them. This work mainly addresses the cell assignment problem regarding the 4G networks. Thus, the proposed solution is a mathematical model. This model has mainly two objectives: the assignment between 4G nodes, and the assignment between 3G and 4G nodes. Since the MME and SGW can be aggregated into a single gateway, an entity named SGM has been set. Thus, the model becomes a cost function involving assignments eNode B and SGSN to SGM. This model is subject to capacity constraints of SGM, and unique constraints on assignments eNode B and SGSN to SGM.
The proposed model includes: the link's costs of 4G-network equipment, the link's costs between 3G and 4G equipment, the horizontal handoff costs (intra 4G network) and the vertical handover costs (inter-3G-4G). The problem is NP-hard, a tabu search algorithm will be used. To adapt this heuristic, movements have been defined to reallocate and move nodes eNode B and SGSN in order to improve the cost of the current solution. The results of the implementation show a gap which is less then 30\% between the TS results and left bound value. For others networks size, the gap is sometimes less then 1\% compare to the left bound value
Telecommunications Networks
This book guides readers through the basics of rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations of Telecommunications Networks. It identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Telecommunications and it contains chapters written by leading researchers, academics and industry professionals. Telecommunications Networks - Current Status and Future Trends covers surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as: IMS, eTOM, 3G/4G, optimization problems, modeling, simulation, quality of service, etc. This book, that is suitable for both PhD and master students, is organized into six sections: New Generation Networks, Quality of Services, Sensor Networks, Telecommunications, Traffic Engineering and Routing
NFV orchestration in edge and fog scenarios
MenciĂłn Internacional en el tĂtulo de doctorLas infraestructuras de red actuales soportan una
variedad diversa de servicios como video bajo demanda,
video conferencias, redes sociales, sistemas
de educaciĂłn, o servicios de almacenamiento de
fotografĂas. Gran parte de la poblaciĂłn mundial ha
comenzado a utilizar estos servicios, y los utilizan
diariamente. Proveedores de Cloud y operadores
de infraestructuras de red albergan el tráfico de
red generado por estos servicios, y sus tareas de
gestiĂłn no solo implican realizar el enrutamiento
del tráfico, sino también el procesado del tráfico de
servicios de red. Tradicionalmente, el procesado
del tráfico ha sido realizado mediante aplicaciones/
programas desplegados en servidores que estaban
dedicados en exclusiva a tareas concretas
como la inspecciĂłn de paquetes. Sin embargo, en
los Ăşltimos anos los servicios de red se han virtualizado
y esto ha dado lugar al paradigma de
virtualizaciĂłn de funciones de red (Network Function
Virtualization (NFV) siguiendo las siglas en
ingles), en el que las funciones de red de un servicio
se ejecutan en contenedores o máquinas virtuales
desacopladas de la infraestructura hardware. Como
resultado, el procesado de tráfico se ha ido
haciendo más flexible gracias al laxo acople del
software y hardware, y a la posibilidad de compartir
funciones de red tĂpicas, como firewalls, entre
los distintos servicios de red.
NFV facilita la automatizaciĂłn de operaciones
de red, ya que tareas como el escalado, o la migraciĂłn
son tĂpicamente llevadas a cabo mediante
un conjunto de comandos previamente definidos
por la tecnologĂa de virtualizaciĂłn pertinente, bien
mediante contenedores o máquinas virtuales. De
todos modos, sigue siendo necesario decidir el en rutamiento y procesado del tráfico de cada servicio
de red. En otras palabras, que servidores tienen
que encargarse del procesado del tráfico, y que
enlaces de la red tienen que utilizarse para que las
peticiones de los usuarios lleguen a los servidores
finales, es decir, el conocido como embedding problem.
Bajo el paraguas del paradigma NFV, a este
problema se le conoce en inglés como Virtual Network
Embedding (VNE), y esta tesis utiliza el termino
“NFV orchestration algorithm” para referirse
a los algoritmos que resuelven este problema. El
problema del VNE es NP-hard, lo cual significa
que que es imposible encontrar una soluciĂłn optima
en un tiempo polinĂłmico, independientemente
del tamaño de la red. Como consecuencia, la comunidad
investigadora y de telecomunicaciones
utilizan heurĂsticos que encuentran soluciones de
manera más rápida que productos para la resolución
de problemas de optimizaciĂłn.
Tradicionalmente, los “NFV orchestration algorithms”
han intentado minimizar los costes de
despliegue derivados de las soluciones asociadas.
Por ejemplo, estos algoritmos intentan no consumir
el ancho de banda de la red, y usar rutas cortas
para no utilizar tantos recursos. Además, una tendencia
reciente ha llevado a la comunidad investigadora
a utilizar algoritmos que minimizan el
consumo energético de los servicios desplegados,
bien mediante la elecciĂłn de dispositivos con un
consumo energético más eficiente, o mediante el
apagado de dispositivos de red en desuso. TĂpicamente,
las restricciones de los problemas de VNE se
han resumido en un conjunto de restricciones asociadas
al uso de recursos y consumo energético, y las
soluciones se diferenciaban por la funciĂłn objetivo
utilizada. Pero eso era antes de la 5a generaciĂłn de
redes mĂłviles (5G) se considerase en el problema
de VNE. Con la apariciĂłn del 5G, nuevos servicios
de red y casos de uso entraron en escena. Los estándares
hablaban de comunicaciones ultra rápidas
y fiables (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications
(URLLC) usando las siglas en inglés) con
latencias por debajo de unos pocos milisegundos y
fiabilidades del 99.999%, una banda ancha mejorada
(enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) usando
las siglas en inglés) con notorios incrementos en
el flujo de datos, e incluso la consideraciĂłn de comunicaciones
masivas entre maquinas (Massive
Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) usando
las siglas en inglés) entre dispositivos IoT. Es más,
paradigmas como edge y fog computing se incorporaron a la tecnologĂa 5G, e introducĂan la idea
de tener dispositivos de computo más cercanos al
usuario final. Como resultado, el problema del VNE
tenĂa que incorporar los nuevos requisitos como
restricciones a tener en cuenta, y toda soluciĂłn
debĂa satisfacer bajas latencias, alta fiabilidad, y
mayores tasas de transmisiĂłn.
Esta tesis estudia el problema des VNE, y propone
algunos heurĂsticos que lidian con las restricciones
asociadas a servicios 5G en escenarios
edge y fog, es decir, las soluciones propuestas se
encargan de asignar funciones virtuales de red a
servidores, y deciden el enrutamiento del trafico
en las infraestructuras 5G con dispositivos edge y
fog. Para evaluar el rendimiento de las soluciones
propuestas, esta tesis estudia en primer lugar la
generaciĂłn de grafos que representan redes 5G.
Los mecanismos propuestos para la generaciĂłn de
grafos sirven para representar distintos escenarios
5G. En particular, escenarios de federaciĂłn en
los que varios dominios comparten recursos entre
ellos. Los grafos generados también representan
servidores en el edge, asĂ como dispositivos fog con
una baterĂa limitada. Además, estos grafos tienen
en cuenta los requisitos de estándares, y la demanda
que se espera en las redes 5G. La generaciĂłn de
grafos propuesta sirve para representar escenarios
federaciĂłn en los que varios dominios comparten
recursos entre ellos, y redes 5G con servidores edge,
asà como dispositivos fog estáticos o móviles con
una baterĂa limitada. Los grafos generados para
infraestructuras 5G tienen en cuenta los requisitos
de estándares, y la demanda de red que se espera
en las redes 5G. Además, los grafos son diferentes
en función de la densidad de población, y el área
de estudio, es decir, si es una zona industrial, una
autopista, o una zona urbana.
Tras detallar la generaciĂłn de grafos que representan
redes 5G, esta tesis propone algoritmos de
orquestaciĂłn NFV para resolver con el problema
del VNE. Primero, se centra en escenarios federados
en los que los servicios de red se tienen que
asignar no solo a la infraestructura de un dominio,
sino a los recursos compartidos en la federaciĂłn
de dominios. Dos problemas diferentes han sido estudiados,
uno es el problema del VNE propiamente
dicho sobre una infraestructura federada, y el otro
es la delegaciĂłn de servicios de red. Es decir, si
un servicio de red se debe desplegar localmente
en un dominio, o en los recursos compartidos por
la federaciĂłn de dominios; a sabiendas de que el Ăşltimo caso supone el pago de cuotas por parte del
dominio local a cambio del despliegue del servicio
de red. En segundo lugar, esta tesis propone
OKpi, un algoritmo de orquestaciĂłn NFV para conseguir
la calidad de servicio de las distintas slices
de las redes 5G. Conceptualmente, el slicing consiste
en partir la red de modo que cada servicio
de red sea tratado de modo diferente dependiendo
del trozo al que pertenezca. Por ejemplo, una
slice de eHealth reservara los recursos de red necesarios
para conseguir bajas latencias en servicios
como operaciones quirĂşrgicas realizadas de manera
remota. Cada trozo (slice) está destinado a
unos servicios especĂficos con unos requisitos muy
concretos, como alta fiabilidad, restricciones de
localizaciĂłn, o latencias de un milisegundo. OKpi
es un algoritmo de orquestaciĂłn NFV que consigue
satisfacer los requisitos de servicios de red en los
distintos trozos, o slices de la red. Tras presentar
OKpi, la tesis resuelve el problema del VNE en redes
5G con dispositivos fog estáticos y móviles. El
algoritmo de orquestaciĂłn NFV presentado tiene
en cuenta las limitaciones de recursos de computo
de los dispositivos fog, además de los problemas
de falta de cobertura derivados de la movilidad de
los dispositivos.
Para concluir, esta tesis estudia el escalado
de servicios vehiculares Vehicle-to-Network (V2N),
que requieren de bajas latencias para servicios como
la prevenciĂłn de choques, avisos de posibles
riesgos, y conducciĂłn remota. Para estos servicios,
los atascos y congestiones en la carretera pueden
causar el incumplimiento de los requisitos de latencia.
Por tanto, es necesario anticiparse a esas
circunstancias usando técnicas de series temporales
que permiten saber el tráfico inminente en los
siguientes minutos u horas, para asĂ poder escalar
el servicio V2N adecuadamente.Current network infrastructures handle a diverse
range of network services such as video
on demand services, video-conferences, social
networks, educational systems, or photo
storage services. These services have been
embraced by a significant amount of the
world population, and are used on a daily basis.
Cloud providers and Network operators’
infrastructures accommodate the traffic rates
that the aforementioned services generate, and
their management tasks do not only involve
the traffic steering, but also the processing of
the network services’ traffic. Traditionally,
the traffic processing has been assessed via
applications/programs deployed on servers
that were exclusively dedicated to a specific
task as packet inspection. However, in recent
years network services have stated to be
virtualized and this has led to the Network
Function Virtualization (Network Function
Virtualization (NFV)) paradigm, in which the
network functions of a service run on containers
or virtual machines that are decoupled
from the hardware infrastructure. As a result,
the traffic processing has become more flexible
because of the loose coupling between
software and hardware, and the possibility
of sharing common network functions, as
firewalls, across multiple network services.
NFV eases the automation of network operations,
since scaling and migrations tasks
are typically performed by a set of commands
predefined by the virtualization technology,
either containers or virtual machines. However,
it is still necessary to decide the traffic steering and processing of every network
service. In other words, which servers will
hold the traffic processing, and which are the
network links to be traversed so the users’ requests
reach the final servers, i.e., the network
embedding problem. Under the umbrella of
NFV, this problem is known as Virtual Network
Embedding (VNE), and this thesis refers
as “NFV orchestration algorithms” to those
algorithms solving such a problem. The VNE
problem is a NP-hard, meaning that it is impossible
to find optimal solutions in polynomial
time, no matter the network size. As a
consequence, the research and telecommunications
community rely on heuristics that find
solutions quicker than a commodity optimization
solver.
Traditionally, NFV orchestration algorithms
have tried to minimize the deployment
costs derived from their solutions. For example,
they try to not exhaust the network
bandwidth, and use short paths to use less
network resources. Additionally, a recent
tendency led the research community towards
algorithms that minimize the energy consumption
of the deployed services, either
by selecting more energy efficient devices
or by turning off those network devices that
remained unused. VNE problem constraints
were typically summarized in a set of resources/energy constraints, and the solutions
differed on which objectives functions were
aimed for. But that was before 5th generation
of mobile networks (5G) were considered
in the VNE problem. With the appearance
of 5G, new network services and use cases
started to emerge. The standards talked about
Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
(Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications
(URLLC)) with latencies below few
milliseconds and 99.999% reliability, an enhanced
mobile broadband (enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB)) with significant data
rate increases, and even the consideration
of massive machine-type communications
(Massive Machine-Type Communications
(mMTC)) among Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Moreover, paradigms such as edge and
fog computing blended with the 5G technology
to introduce the idea of having computing
devices closer to the end users. As a result, the VNE problem had to incorporate the new
requirements as constraints to be taken into
account, and every solution should either
satisfy low latencies, high reliability, or larger
data rates.
This thesis studies the VNE problem, and
proposes some heuristics tackling the constraints
related to 5G services in Edge and
fog scenarios, that is, the proposed solutions
assess the assignment of Virtual Network
Functions to resources, and the traffic steering
across 5G infrastructures that have Edge and
Fog devices. To evaluate the performance
of the proposed solutions, the thesis studies
first the generation of graphs that represent
5G networks. The proposed mechanisms to
generate graphs serve to represent diverse 5G
scenarios. In particular federation scenarios
in which several domains share resources
among themselves. The generated graphs
also represent edge servers, so as fog devices
with limited battery capacity. Additionally,
these graphs take into account the standard
requirements, and the expected demand for
5G networks. Moreover, the graphs differ depending
on the density of population, and the
area of study, i.e., whether it is an industrial
area, a highway, or an urban area.
After detailing the generation of graphs
representing the 5G networks, this thesis proposes
several NFV orchestration algorithms
to tackle the VNE problem. First, it focuses
on federation scenarios in which network services
should be assigned not only to a single
domain infrastructure, but also to the shared
resources of the federation of domains. Two
different problems are studied, one being the
VNE itself over a federated infrastructure, and
the other the delegation of network services.
That is, whether a network service should be
deployed in a local domain, or in the pool
of resources of the federation domain; knowing
that the latter charges the local domain
for hosting the network service. Second, the
thesis proposes OKpi, a NFV orchestration
algorithm to meet 5G network slices quality
of service. Conceptually, network slicing consists
in splitting the network so network services
are treated differently based on the slice
they belong to. For example, an eHealth network
slice will allocate the network resources necessary to meet low latencies for network
services such as remote surgery. Each network
slice is devoted to specific services with
very concrete requirements, as high reliability,
location constraints, or 1ms latencies. OKpi is
a NFV orchestration algorithm that meets the
network service requirements among different
slices. It is based on a multi-constrained
shortest path heuristic, and its solutions satisfy
latency, reliability, and location constraints.
After presenting OKpi, the thesis tackles the
VNE problem in 5G networks with static/moving
fog devices. The presented NFV orchestration
algorithm takes into account the limited
computing resources of fog devices, as well
as the out-of-coverage problems derived from
the devices’ mobility.
To conclude, this thesis studies the scaling
of Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) services, which
require low latencies for network services as
collision avoidance, hazard warning, and remote
driving. For these services, the presence
of traffic jams, or high vehicular traffic congestion
lead to the violation of latency requirements.
Hence, it is necessary to anticipate to
such circumstances by using time-series techniques
that allow to derive the incoming vehicular
traffic flow in the next minutes or hours,
so as to scale the V2N service accordingly.The 5G Exchange (5GEx) project (2015-2018) was an EU-funded project (H2020-ICT-2014-2 grant agreement 671636).
The 5G-TRANSFORMER project (2017-2019) is an EU-funded project (H2020-ICT-2016-2 grant agreement 761536).
The 5G-CORAL project (2017-2019) is an EU-Taiwan project (H2020-ICT-2016-2 grant agreement 761586).Programa de Doctorado en IngenierĂa Telemática por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Ioannis Stavrakakis.- Secretario: Pablo Serrano Yáñez-Mingot.- Vocal: Paul Horatiu Patra
Power minimization and optimum ONU placements in integrated wireless optical access networks
The deployment of optical fibre in place of copper cable in access networks has experienced remarkable growth over the past several years due to a wide range of benefits. A major benefit of optical fibre over copper cable is that it is more secure and immune to electromagnetic interferences. Optical fibre has also provided the capability of handling higher throughputs for longer distances, and experiences no crosstalk between other fibre optic cables. However, the last mile reach to end-users with optical fibre is very costly. This alternative replacement results in increased costs for manual labour and energy consumption in the access network. The current demand in all areas of telecommunications, and especially access networks, is greener networking. In order to offset the high costs of optical access implementations and to satisfy this demand, an investigation into integrated wireless optical access networks (IWOAN) is warranted.
The proliferation of wireless devices has also motivated the interest in IWOAN as it combines the flexibility and efficiency of wireless with the security and stability provided by optical. With the emergence of smart phones and tablets, wireless access networks are now supporting an increasing amount of traffic volume with improved throughput and accessibility. We employ a Passive Optical Network (PON) infrastructure from the central office to the customer, traced from the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) to the customer premises devices known as Optical Network Units (ONUs) for IWOAN. At the ONU, the optical fibre is terminated and wireless communication is implemented. The ONU acts as a wireless access point/gateway for wireless Base Stations (BS) serving different coverage areas in point-to-point topology. With recent trends of advanced wireless technologies, premium rich applications such as multimedia streaming, interactive gaming and cloud computing are delivered in a satisfactory and economic way. This wireless-optical integration aims to reduce and solve the cost of replacing copper cables. However, another issue is raised with increased costs in energy consumption due to the integration of wireless and optical communication. Typically a large number of ONUs need to be deployed in order to serve many wireless BSs located in different coverage areas. As a result, any cost savings gained by the integration process is exhausted with the increased cost of power consumption
Performance assessment & synergic operation of algorithmic solutions enabling opportunistic networks– D4.2
Deliverable D4.2 del projecte europeu OneFITPeer ReviewedPostprint (updated version