58 research outputs found
Innovations in the dairy chain: bio-economic analysis of novel breeding opportunities
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the dairy sector to move from producing bulk dairy commodities towards producing specialized dairy products aimed at niche markets. Dairy farmers consider shifting from commodity milk to raw milk with specialized composition to meet consumer or industrial demands. In this context, the objectives of the thesis were 1) to assess qualitatively future scenarios to create value added in the dairy chain and 2) to ex-ante assess quantitatively the technical and economic implications at farm level of producing differentiated raw milk by using genetic selection. A two-step approach was applied, where the first step assessed qualitatively the strategic opportunities offered by a wide range of novel methods emerging at various stages in the production chain, whereas the second step assessed quantitatively the implications of specific strategies on farm level. The main findings indicate that creating value added is vital for the sustainable growth of the dairy industry, and producing raw milk with specialized characteristics by using novel breeding concepts can play an important role in this process. The ex-ante quantitative assessments have found no evidence that implementing novel genetic selection strategies to change fat or protein composition in milk would have large effects on herd production and profitability. The stakeholders of the dairy industry should initiate joint action plans to capitalize on the opportunities offered by recent milk genomics research
Evaluation of the ingestive behaviour of the dairy cow under two systems of rotation with slope
The ingestive behaviour of grazing animals is modulated by the vegetation characteristics, topography and the type of stocking method. This research was carried out in 2019, at the Rumipamba CADER-UCE. It aimed to evaluate the impact of two contrasting stocking methods of dairy cows grazing a pasture with an average of slope >8.5%. Four dairy cows were set to graze a 0.4 ha paddock for 5 days for continuous stocking methods, while for the electric fence
methods the dairy cows were restricted to 0.2 ha and the fence was moved uphill every 3 hours, repeating this process four times a day. Cow were equipped with activity sensors for 12 h per day. The whole procedure was repeated 2 times after realizing an equalization cuts and both paddocks, a rest time of 30 days and a random reassignment of paddocks to one of the treatments. The cows showed a difference in terms of the percentage of grazing P=0.0072,
being higher with the electric fence (55% of the measurement time). From rising-plate-meter estimates of available biomass along the grazing periods, we calculated despite similar forage allowances (electric fence = 48.06 kg DM/cow/d and continuous = 48.21 DM/cow/d) a higher forage intake was obtained in the electric fence treatment (17.5 kg DM/cow/d) compared the continuous stocking (15.7 kg DM/cow/d) (P=0.006). In terms of milk production animals
grazing under the differences electrical fence stocking method tended (P=0.0985) to produce more milk (17.39 kg/d) than those grazing in the continuous system (15.16 kg/d) due to the influence of the slope (P=0.05), while for milk quality the protein content was higher for the electric fence (33.7 g/l) than the continuous method (30.5 g/l) (P=0.039). None of the other milk properties differed between methods (P>0.05)
Soybean
Soybean is an agricultural crop of tremendous economic importance. Soybean and food items derived from it form dietary components of numerous people, especially those living in the Orient. The health benefits of soybean have attracted the attention of nutritionists as well as common people
Assessing marginal abatement cost for greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production in China and Europe - accounting for uncertainties
Climate change is probably the most challenging threat to mankind. International agreements
have acknowledged the fact that anthropogenic GHG emissions must be reduced
significantly to adhere to a maximum global warming of 2°C. The livestock sector plays a
key role in achieving this target as it is a significant source of GHG emissions. While the
livestock sector offers significant GHG reduction potential, it is currently neglected in
international and national mitigation efforts. Therefore, scientific research must guide
mitigation policy decisions with evidence of cost-efficient abatement potential that can be
achieved through various mitigation technologies.
Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) are an analytical tool for informing policy
makers about the cost-effectiveness (CE) of mitigation. MACCs provide a relatively clear
representation of a complicated issue based on their graphical design that prioritises various
mitigation options in terms of their CE of abatement and enables assessment of total GHG
reduction under a budget constraint. However, developing a MACC involves considerable
data collection, depends on various interdisciplinary information sources and the
methodology is subject to several limitations. These factors can result in uncertainties in
marginal abatement cost (MAC) results, the assessment of which is often neglected in
MACC literature.
This research shows the main GHG emission sources in livestock production and possible
mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from these sources. After elaborating the
MACC methodology, advantages, disadvantages and limitation of the engineering MACC
are shown. This allows understanding the relevance of assessing and reporting uncertainty of
MACCs. Two engineering MACCs are developed that show the CE abatement potentials
available in the Chinese livestock sector and European Union 15 (EU-15) dairy sector in
2020, with emphasis on dietary mitigation options. The requirement of assessing CE of
abatement for individual mitigation options is highlighted by separate derivation of technical
and economic abatement potential for the EU-15 dairy sector. For the Chinese MACC, a
scenario analysis (SA) and for the European MACC, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation are
utilised to show the relevance of assessing uncertainty in MACCs. To provide further
evidence, the overall range of CE estimates for eight mitigation options found in relevant
MACC literature is presented. This allows the generation of probability distribution
functions of CE for each mitigation option with kernel density estimation (KDE). The results from this study show the significance of livestock and dairy production related
GHG emissions in China and Europe, respectively. In China, baseline GHG emissions of
livestock production are projected to increase significantly, while these of the EU-15 dairy
production are predicted to decrease by 2020. It was found that enteric fermentation is the
largest GHG emission source from dairy production and should be focus of mitigation
policies. Both case studies showed mitigation options that offer abatement potential at high
CE. Priorities should be given to biomass gasification, breeding techniques and feed
supplements as tea saponins and probiotics for the Chinese livestock sector, and to animal
selection, reduced tillage and dietary probiotics for the EU-15 dairy sector. The scenario
analysis reveals that mid-term projections for the Chinese livestock sector are varying
strongly, and utilising key variables from different projections has a significant impact on
MAC results which changes the ranking of the mitigation options. The MC simulation shows
the contribution of some model inputs to the uncertainty of abatement at negative cost and a
high model output uncertainty regarding measure’s CE for most mitigation options.
However, the ranking of the mitigation options remains stable. The range of MAC estimates
for 8 mitigation options in the agricultural sector is high and variables like ‘study quality’ or
‘study location’ do not change this. The KDE was further used to rank the mitigations
options based on their probability of being reported as cost-negative and shows that
measures affecting soil N2O and carbon sequestration are reported to be more cost-efficient
as compared to measures focusing on manure management. Based on these finding, the
impact of study designs on MAC estimates and lack of communication uncertainty in MACC
literature are discussed.
Uncertainties that are underpinning MACC results can have significant impacts on CE and
abatement potentials. To increase utilisation of MACCs by knowledge users, MACC
research must prioritise assessment, quantification and report of uncertainties, compare
results within the scientific literature and publish data and assumption of the MACC
transparently
Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering
This book is a collection of original research and review papers that report on the state of the art and recent advancements in food and agriculture engineering, such as sustainable production and food technology. Encompassed within are applications in food and agriculture engineering, biosystem engineering, plant and animal production engineering, food and agricultural processing engineering, storing industry, economics and production management and agricultural farms management, agricultural machines and devices, and IT for agricultural engineering and ergonomics in agriculture
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