5 research outputs found

    Aplicaci贸n y problemas no resueltos del uso de objetivos en la ingenier铆a de software

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    En las diferentes 谩reas del conocimiento los primeros elementos que se deben identificar para solucionar un problema o una necesidad son los objetivos, los cuales permiten determinar los resultados que se deber谩n alcanzar. A partir de estos se determinan las metas, los procesos, las tareas y los responsables. Adem谩s, con base en los objetivos planteados se puede dar seguimiento a las actividades definidas para su respectivo logro y, finalmente, evaluar los resultados obtenidos. En este art铆culo se mostrar谩 la manera como se definen y usan los objetivos desde las diversas disciplinas, especialmente en el 谩rea de la ingenier铆a de software; adem谩s, se caracterizar谩n las falencias encontradas.One of the first items which should be identified in resolving a problem or need is an objective in the various fields of knowledge as it enables determining which results must be achieved. Objectives are the starting point in identifying goals, processes, tasks and the people in charge; moreover, activities defined to fulfil their follow-up are based on a set of proposed objectives and enable evaluating results. This article shows how objectives can be defined and used in various fields, especially in software engineering, and depicts the flaws found

    Un modelo de procesamiento terminol贸gico para la obtenci贸n y validaci贸n de requisitos de software basado en el diagrama de objetivos de Kaos

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    Resumen: La educci贸n y validaci贸n de requisitos de software son actividades propias de la Ingenier铆a de Software, estas se realizan en las primeras fases del ciclo de vida del software, es decir, en la definici贸n y el an谩lisis respectivamente. En estas fases se intentan capturar los requisitos que debe cumplir el sistema (software) y transformarlos en modelos conceptuales que permitan explicar los elementos significativos del 谩rea del problema. Sin embargo, los productos obtenidos a trav茅s de estas fases presentan problemas en su concepci贸n debido a: (i) la brecha de comunicaci贸n presente entre el interesado (usuario) y el analista, es decir, debido a la comunicaci贸n limitada o insuficiente que se genera por las diferencias entre sus especialidades, y (ii) la ambig眉edad verbal presente en el universo del discurso. Estos problemas, impiden una correcta identificaci贸n y validaci贸n de los requisitos que debe cumplir un sistema (software). Asimismo, hacen que el producto final sea m谩s costoso debido a la correcci贸n de errores en las etapas de implementaci贸n y producci贸n del sistema (software). Con el prop贸sito de: (i) mejorar los resultados en la educci贸n y validaci贸n de requisitos de software, y (ii) reducir la brecha de comunicaci贸n entre el interesado y el analista, se utilizan diversos esquemas conceptuales, entre estos se emplea el diagrama de objetivos de KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition in Automated Specification), el cual le permite al usuario la identificaci贸n y la validaci贸n de los requisitos asociados al sistema (software). Adem谩s, a partir de este diagrama se pueden obtener diagramas UML propios de la tercera fase (dise帽o) del ciclo de vida del software, los cuales hacen parte del dominio del analista. Sin embargo, en los diferentes trabajos que especifican o utilizan el diagrama de diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, se logran identificar los siguientes problemas: (i) falta de consistencia entre el lenguaje natural y los elementos b谩sicos que conforman el diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, (ii) no utilizan herramientas terminol贸gicas que permitan minimizar la ambig眉edad sem谩ntica presente en el universo del discurso, (iii) falta de validaci贸n semiautom谩tica de requisitos de software por parte del interesado en la etapa inicial, y (iv) no obtienen de manera semiautom谩tica el diagrama de objetivos correspondiente. Con la intenci贸n de dar soluci贸n a los problemas identificados en el p谩rrafo anterior, se logr贸 realizar en esta tesis doctoral lo siguiente: (i) caracterizar los elementos que componen el diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, (ii) construir una Ontolog铆a para representar con mayor precisi贸n los elementos del diagrama de objetivos KAOS, (iii) definir un conjunto de formas morfosint谩cticas que permiten caracterizar a partir de lenguaje natural los elementos b谩sicos (objetivo, entidad, operaci贸n y agente) del diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, de tal forma, que se logr贸 dar una soluci贸n a la necesidad de identificar la consistencia que debe existir entre el lenguaje natural y los elementos b谩sicos que conforman diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, (iv) definir un conjunto de reglas sem谩nticas que permiten minimizar la ambig眉edad sem谩ntica presente en el universo del discurso, la cual afecta de forma negativa las actividades asociadas a la educci贸n y validaci贸n de requisitos de software, (v) crear un modelo de procesamiento terminol贸gico para la educci贸n y validaci贸n interactiva con el usuario de requisitos de software inicialmente descritos en lenguaje natural, (vi) desarrollar la aplicaci贸n NL2KAOS (elaborada en JAVA, JSP y PHP) que permite automatizar el modelo propuesto, adem谩s, incluye las formas morfosint谩cticas y las reglas sem谩nticas definidas en esta tesis, (vii) obtener de manera semiautom谩tica el diagrama de objetivos de KAOS, (viii) realizar la evaluaci贸n del modelo mediante la experimentaci贸n y el an谩lisis de los resultados obtenidos, los cuales fueron confrontados con varios casos de estudio registrados en la literatura cient铆fica, en los experimentos se analizaron las caracter铆sticas de la exhaustividad, la precisi贸n, la correctitud, la completitud y la consistencia de los elementos b谩sicos (objetivo, entidad, operaci贸n y agente).Abstract: The elicitation and validation of software requirements are specific activities belonging to software engineering which are performed in the early stages of the software life cycle, namely, definition and analysis. In these phases the goal is to capture the requirements to be met by the system (software) and transform them into conceptual models that explain the significant components of the problem area. However, there are problems in the conception of the products obtained in these phases because of: (i) the communication gap existing between the stakeholder (user) and the analyst due to limited or insufficient communication caused by the differences in their specialties, and (ii) the verbal ambiguity present in the universe of discourse. These problems make it impossible to correctly identify and validate the requirements that must be met by the system (software). Likewise, they increase the cost of the final product because errors must be corrected during the system's (software) implementation and production stages. In order to: (i) improve the results of the requirements elicitation and validation phases, and (ii) reduce the communication gap between the stakeholder and the analyst, a number of conceptual schemes are used. One of such is the KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition in Automated Specification) diagram, which allows users to identify and validate the requirements associated with the system (software). Furthermore, the UML diagrams, which belong to the third phase (design) of the software life cycle and are a part of the analyst's domain, can be obtained from this diagram. However, the following problems have been observed in the various studies which specify or use the KAOS goal diagram: (i) lack of consistency between natural language and the basic components of the KAOS goal diagram, (ii) lack of terminological tools that can be used to minimize the semantic ambiguity in the universe of discourse, (iii) lack of semi-automatic validation of software requirements performed by the stakeholder during the initial stage, and (iv) the corresponding goal diagram is not obtained semi-automatically. In order to solve the problems stated in the preceding paragraphs, the following objectives where achieved in this doctoral dissertation: (i) characterize the components of the KAOS goal diagram. (ii) Build an Ontology that represents the components of the KAOS goal diagram more accurately. (iii) Define a set of morphosyntactic forms which make it possible to extract the basic components of the KAOS goal diagram from natural language (goal, entity, operation and agent) to solve the problem of consistency between natural language and the basic components of the KAOS goal diagram. (iv) Define a set of semantic rules that make it possible to minimize the semantic ambiguity found in the universe of discourse that negatively affects the activities associated with software requirements elicitation and validation. (v) Create a terminology processing model for eliciting and validating the software requirements expressed in natural language, with the help of the user and in an interactive manner. (vi) Develop the NL2KAOS application (written in JAVA, JSP and PHP) which automates the proposed model and includes the morphosyntactic forms and semantic rules defined in this dissertation. (vii) Semi-automatically obtain the KAOS goal diagram. (viii) Evaluate the model by experimenting and analyzing the results obtained; such results were compared with a number of case studies appearing in the scientific literature. Additionally, the exhaustive, precision, correctness, completeness and consistency of the basic components (goal, entity, operation and agent).Doctorad

    A Feature-Oriented Modelling Language and a Feature-Interaction Taxonomy for Product-Line Requirements

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    Many organizations specialize in the development of families of software systems, called software product lines (SPLs), for one or more domains (e.g., automotive, telephony, health care). SPLs are commonly developed as a shared set of assets representing the common and variable aspects of an SPL, and individual products are constructed by assembling the right combinations of assets. The feature-oriented software development (FOSD) paradigm advocates the use of system features as the primary unit of commonality and variability among the products of an SPL. A feature represents a coherent and identifiable bundle of system functionality, such as call waiting in telephony and cruise control in an automobile. Furthermore, FOSD aims at feature-oriented artifacts (FOAs); that is, software-development artifacts that explicate features, so that a clear mapping is established between a feature and its representation in different artifacts. The thesis first identifies the problem of developing a suitable language for expressing feature-oriented models of the functional requirements of an SPL, and then presents the feature-oriented requirements modelling language (FORML) as a solution to this problem. FORML's notation is based on standard software-engineering notations (e.g., UML class and state-machine models, feature models) to ease adoption by practitioners, and has a precise syntax and semantics to enable analysis. The novelty of FORML is in adding feature-orientation to state-of-the-art requirements modelling approaches (e.g., KAOS), and in the systematic treatment of modelling evolutions of an SPL via enhancements to existing features. An existing feature can be enhanced by extending or modifying its requirements. Enhancements that modify a feature's requirements are called intended feature interactions. For example, the call waiting feature in telephony intentionally overrides the basic call service feature's treatment of incoming calls when the subscriber is already involved in a call. FORML prescribes different constructs for specifying different types of enhancements in state-machine models of requirements. Furthermore, unlike some prominent approaches (e.g., AHEAD, DFC), FORML's constructs for modelling intended feature interactions do not depend on the order in which features are composed; this can lead to savings in analysis costs, since only one rather than (possibly) multiple composition orders need to be analyzed. A well-known challenge in FOSD is managing feature interactions, which, informally defined, are ways in which different features can influence one another in defining the overall properties and behaviours of their combination. Some feature interactions are intended, as described above, while other feature interactions are unintended: for example, the cruise control and anti-lock braking system features of an automobile may have incompatible affects on the automobile's acceleration, which would make their combination inconsistent. Unintended feature interactions should be detected and resolved. To detect unintended interactions in models of feature behaviour, we must first define a taxonomy of feature interactions for the modelling language: that is, we must understand the different ways that feature interactions can manifest among features expressed in the language. The thesis presents a taxonomy of feature interactions for FORML that is an adaptation of existing taxonomies for operational models of feature behaviour. The novelty of the proposed taxonomy is that it presents a definition of behaviour modification that generalizes special cases found in the literature; and it enables feature-interaction analyses that report only unintended interactions, by excluding interactions caused by FORML's constructs for modelling intended feature interactions

    Metodolog铆a de implantaci贸n de modelos de gesti贸n de la informaci贸n dentro de los sistemas de planificaci贸n de recursos empresariales. Aplicaci贸n en la peque帽a y mediana empresa

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    La Siguiente Generaci贸n de Sistemas de Fabricaci贸n (SGSF) trata de dar respuesta a los requerimientos de los nuevos modelos de empresas, en contextos de inteligencia, agilidad y adaptabilidad en un entono global y virtual. La Planificaci贸n de Recursos Empresariales (ERP) con soportes de gesti贸n del producto (PDM) y el ciclo de vida del producto (PLM) proporciona soluciones de gesti贸n empresarial sobre la base de un uso coherente de tecnolog铆as de la informaci贸n para la implantaci贸n en sistemas CIM (Computer-Integrated Manufacturing), con un alto grado de adaptabilidad a la estnictura organizativa deseada. En general, esta implementaci贸n se lleva desarrollando hace tiempo en grandes empresas, siendo menor (casi nula) su extensi贸n a PYMEs. La presente Tesis Doctoral, define y desarrolla una nueva metodolog铆a de implementaci贸n pan la generaci贸n autom谩tica de la informaci贸n en los procesos de negocio que se verifican en empresas con requerimientos adaptados a las necesidades de la SGSF, dentro de los sistemas de gesti贸n de los recursos empresariales (ERP), atendiendo a la influencia del factor humano. La validez del modelo te贸rico de la metodolog铆a mencionada se ha comprobado al implementarlo en una empresa del tipo PYME, del sector de Ingenier铆a. Para el establecimiento del Estado del Arte de este tema se ha dise帽ado y aplicado una metodolog铆a espec铆fica basada en el ciclo de mejora continua de Shewhart/Deming, aplicando las herramientas de b煤squeda y an谩lisis bibliogr谩fico disponibles en la red con acceso a las correspondientes bases de datos
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