307 research outputs found
The Statistical Analysis of the Live TV Bit Rate
This paper studies the statistical nature of TV channels streaming variable
bit rate distribution and allocation. The goal of the paper is to derive the
best-fit rate distribution to describe TV streaming bandwidth allocation, which
can reveal traffic demands of users. Our analysis uses multiplexers channel
bandwidth allocation (PID) data of 13 TV live channels. We apply 17 continuous
and 3 discrete distributions to determine the best-fit distribution function
for each individual channel and for the whole set of channels. We found that
the generalized extreme distribution fitting most of our channels most
precisely according to the Bayesian information criterion. By the same
criterion tlocationscale distribution matches best for the whole system. We use
these results to propose parameters for streaming server queuing model. Results
are useful for streaming servers scheduling policy design process targeting to
improve limited infrastructural resources, traffic engineering through dynamic
routing at CDN, SDN
Ontwerp en evaluatie van content distributie netwerken voor multimediale streaming diensten.
Traditionele Internetgebaseerde diensten voor het verspreiden van bestanden, zoals Web browsen en het versturen van e-mails, worden aangeboden via één centrale server. Meer recente netwerkdiensten zoals interactieve digitale televisie of video-op-aanvraag vereisen echter hoge kwaliteitsgaranties (QoS), zoals een lage en constante netwerkvertraging, en verbruiken een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid bandbreedte op het netwerk. Architecturen met één centrale server kunnen deze garanties moeilijk bieden en voldoen daarom niet meer aan de hoge eisen van de volgende generatie multimediatoepassingen. In dit onderzoek worden daarom nieuwe netwerkarchitecturen bestudeerd, die een dergelijke dienstkwaliteit kunnen ondersteunen. Zowel peer-to-peer mechanismes, zoals bij het uitwisselen van muziekbestanden tussen eindgebruikers, als servergebaseerde oplossingen, zoals gedistribueerde caches en content distributie netwerken (CDN's), komen aan bod. Afhankelijk van de bestudeerde dienst en de gebruikte netwerktechnologieën en -architectuur, worden gecentraliseerde algoritmen voor netwerkontwerp voorgesteld. Deze algoritmen optimaliseren de plaatsing van de servers of netwerkcaches en bepalen de nodige capaciteit van de servers en netwerklinks. De dynamische plaatsing van de aangeboden bestanden in de verschillende netwerkelementen wordt aangepast aan de heersende staat van het netwerk en aan de variërende aanvraagpatronen van de eindgebruikers. Serverselectie, herroutering van aanvragen en het verspreiden van de belasting over het hele netwerk komen hierbij ook aan bod
Adaptive delivery of immersive 3D multi-view video over the Internet
The increase in Internet bandwidth and the developments in 3D video technology have paved the way for the delivery of 3D Multi-View Video (MVV) over the Internet. However, large amounts of data and dynamic network conditions result in frequent network congestion, which may prevent video packets from being delivered on time. As a consequence, the 3D video experience may well be degraded unless content-aware precautionary mechanisms and adaptation methods are deployed. In this work, a novel adaptive MVV streaming method is introduced which addresses the future generation 3D immersive MVV experiences with multi-view displays. When the user experiences network congestion, making it necessary to perform adaptation, the rate-distortion optimum set of views that are pre-determined by the server, are truncated from the delivered MVV streams. In order to maintain high Quality of Experience (QoE) service during the frequent network congestion, the proposed method involves the calculation of low-overhead additional metadata that is delivered to the client. The proposed adaptive 3D MVV streaming solution is tested using the MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) standard. Both extensive objective and subjective evaluations are presented, showing that the proposed method provides significant quality enhancement under the adverse network conditions
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Multimedia delivery in the future internet
The term âNetworked Mediaâ implies that all kinds of media including text, image, 3D graphics, audio
and video are produced, distributed, shared, managed and consumed on-line through various networks,
like the Internet, Fiber, WiFi, WiMAX, GPRS, 3G and so on, in a convergent manner [1]. This white
paper is the contribution of the Media Delivery Platform (MDP) cluster and aims to cover the Networked
challenges of the Networked Media in the transition to the Future of the Internet.
Internet has evolved and changed the way we work and live. End users of the Internet have been confronted
with a bewildering range of media, services and applications and of technological innovations concerning
media formats, wireless networks, terminal types and capabilities. And there is little evidence that the pace
of this innovation is slowing. Today, over one billion of users access the Internet on regular basis, more
than 100 million users have downloaded at least one (multi)media file and over 47 millions of them do so
regularly, searching in more than 160 Exabytes1 of content. In the near future these numbers are expected
to exponentially rise. It is expected that the Internet content will be increased by at least a factor of 6, rising
to more than 990 Exabytes before 2012, fuelled mainly by the users themselves. Moreover, it is envisaged
that in a near- to mid-term future, the Internet will provide the means to share and distribute (new)
multimedia content and services with superior quality and striking flexibility, in a trusted and personalized
way, improving citizensâ quality of life, working conditions, edutainment and safety.
In this evolving environment, new transport protocols, new multimedia encoding schemes, cross-layer inthe
network adaptation, machine-to-machine communication (including RFIDs), rich 3D content as well as
community networks and the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are expected to generate new models of
interaction and cooperation, and be able to support enhanced perceived quality-of-experience (PQoE) and
innovative applications âon the moveâ, like virtual collaboration environments, personalised services/
media, virtual sport groups, on-line gaming, edutainment. In this context, the interaction with content
combined with interactive/multimedia search capabilities across distributed repositories, opportunistic P2P
networks and the dynamic adaptation to the characteristics of diverse mobile terminals are expected to
contribute towards such a vision.
Based on work that has taken place in a number of EC co-funded projects, in Framework Program 6 (FP6)
and Framework Program 7 (FP7), a group of experts and technology visionaries have voluntarily
contributed in this white paper aiming to describe the status, the state-of-the art, the challenges and the way
ahead in the area of Content Aware media delivery platforms
Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC
abstract: Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC.View the article as published at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/189481
Smart PIN: performance and cost-oriented context-aware personal information network
The next generation of networks will involve interconnection of heterogeneous individual
networks such as WPAN, WLAN, WMAN and Cellular network, adopting the IP as common infrastructural protocol and providing virtually always-connected network. Furthermore,
there are many devices which enable easy acquisition and storage of information as pictures, movies, emails, etc. Therefore, the information overload and divergent contentâs
characteristics make it difficult for users to handle their data in manual way. Consequently, there is a need for personalised automatic services which would enable data exchange across heterogeneous network and devices. To support these personalised services, user centric approaches
for data delivery across the heterogeneous network are also required.
In this context, this thesis proposes Smart PIN - a novel performance and cost-oriented context-aware Personal Information Network. Smart PIN's architecture is detailed including its network, service and management components. Within the service component, two novel schemes for efficient delivery of context and content data are proposed:
Multimedia Data Replication Scheme (MDRS) and Quality-oriented Algorithm for Multiple-source Multimedia Delivery (QAMMD).
MDRS supports efficient data accessibility among distributed devices using data replication which is based on a utility function and a minimum data set. QAMMD employs a buffer underflow avoidance scheme for streaming, which achieves high multimedia quality without content adaptation to network conditions. Simulation models for MDRS and
QAMMD were built which are based on various heterogeneous network scenarios. Additionally a multiple-source streaming based on QAMMS was implemented as a prototype and tested in an emulated network environment. Comparative tests show that MDRS and QAMMD perform significantly better than other approaches
Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs
Este trabajo de tesis presenta los servicios de descarga de contenido en modo push como un
mecanismo eficiente para el envĂo de contenido de televisiĂłn pre-producido sobre redes de
difusiĂłn. Hoy en dĂa, los operadores de red dedican una cantidad considerable de recursos
de red a la entrega en vivo de contenido televisivo, tanto sobre redes de difusiĂłn como
sobre conexiones unidireccionales. Esta oferta de servicios responde Ășnicamente a
requisitos comerciales: disponer de los contenidos televisivos en cualquier momento y
lugar. Sin embargo, desde un punto de vista estrictamente acadĂ©mico, el envĂo en vivo es
Ășnicamente un requerimiento para el contenido en vivo, no para contenidos que ya han sido
producidos con anterioridad a su emisiĂłn. MĂĄs aĂșn, la difusiĂłn es solo eficiente cuando el
contenido es suficientemente popular.
Los servicios bajo estudio en esta tesis utilizan capacidad residual en redes de difusiĂłn para
enviar contenido pre-producido para que se almacene en los equipos de usuario. La
propuesta se justifica Ășnicamente por su eficiencia. Por un lado, genera valor de recursos de
red que no se aprovecharĂan de otra manera. Por otro lado, realiza la entrega de contenidos
pre-producidos y populares de la manera mĂĄs eficiente: sobre servicios de descarga de
contenidos en difusiĂłn.
Los resultados incluyen modelos para la popularidad y la duraciĂłn de contenidos, valiosos
para cualquier trabajo de investigaciĂłn basados en la entrega de contenidos televisivos.
AdemĂĄs, la tesis evalĂșa la capacidad residual disponible en redes de difusiĂłn, por medio de
estudios empĂricos. DespuĂ©s, estos resultados son utilizados en simulaciones que evalĂșan
las prestaciones de los servicios propuestos en escenarios diferentes y para aplicaciones
diferentes. La evaluaciĂłn demuestra que este tipo de servicios son un recurso muy Ăștil para
la entrega de contenido televisivo.This thesis dissertation presents background push Content Download Services as an
efficient mechanism to deliver pre-produced television content through existing broadcast
networks. Nowadays, network operators dedicate a considerable amount of network
resources to live streaming live, through both broadcast and unicast connections. This
service offering responds solely to commercial requirements: Content must be available
anytime and anywhere. However, from a strictly academic point of view, live streaming is
only a requirement for live content and not for pre-produced content. Moreover,
broadcasting is only efficient when the content is sufficiently popular.
The services under study in this thesis use residual capacity in broadcast networks to push
popular, pre-produced content to storage capacity in customer premises equipment. The
proposal responds only to efficiency requirements. On one hand, it creates value from
network resources otherwise unused. On the other hand, it delivers popular pre-produced
content in the most efficient way: through broadcast download services.
The results include models for the popularity and the duration of television content,
valuable for any research work dealing with file-based delivery of television content. Later,
the thesis evaluates the residual capacity available in broadcast networks through empirical
studies. These results are used in simulations to evaluate the performance of background
push content download services in different scenarios and for different applications. The
evaluation proves that this kind of services can become a great asset for the delivery of
television contentFraile Gil, F. (2013). Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat PolitĂšcnica de ValĂšncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31656TESI
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QoS - Aware content oriented flow routing in optical computer network
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.In this thesis, one of the most important issues in the field of networks communication is tackled and addressed. This issue is represented by QoS, where the increasing demand on highquality
applications together with the fast increase in the rates of Internet users have led to
massive traffic being transmitted on the Internet. This thesis proposes new ideas to manage the flow of this huge traffic in a manner that contributes in improving the communication QoS. This can be achieved by replacing the conventional application-insensitive routing schemes by others
which take into account the type of applications when making the routing decision. As a first contribution, the effect on the potential development in the quality of experience on the loading of
Basra optical network has been investigated. Furthermore, the traffic due to each application was dealt with in different ways according to their delay and loss sensitivities. Load rate distributions
over the various links due to the different applications were deployed to investigate the places of possible congestions in the network and the dominant applications that cause such congestions. In addition, OpenFlow and Optica Burst Switching (OBS) techniques were used to provide a wider range of network controllability and management. A centralised routing protocol
that takes into account the available bandwidth, delay, and security as three important QoS parameters, when forwarding traffics of different types, was proposed and implemented using OMNeT++ networks simulator. As a novel idea, security has been incorporated in our QoS requirements by incorporating Oyster Optics Technology (OOT) to secure some of the optical links aiming to supply the network with some secure paths for those applications that have high
privacy requirements. A particular type of traffic is to be routed according to the importance of these three QoS parameters for such a traffic type. The link utilisation, end to end delays and securities due to the different applications were recorded to prove the feasibility of our proposed
system. In order to decrease the amount of traffic overhead, the same QoS constraints were implemented on a distributed Ant colony based routing. The traditional Ant routing protocol was improved by adopting the idea of Red-Green-Blue (RGB) pheromones routing to incorporate these QoS constraints. Improvements of 11% load balancing, and 9% security for private data was achieved compared to the conventional Ant routing techniques. In addition, this Ant based
routing was utilised to propose an improved solution for the routing and wavelength assignment problem in the WDM optical computer networks
Computer Science's Digest Volume 1
This series is dedicated to the students of the Systems Department, to give them reading material related to computer science in a second language. This book covers the Introduction to Computer Science, Computer Communications, Networking and Web Applications
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