ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Recently, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has received increased interest of research thanks to its many real-life applications. In WSNs, the sensor nodes sense different phenomenon from the encompassing area and forward data to the sink. Among the available routing protocols (RP), most of them used Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) but did not consider the battery energy state while selecting the cluster head (CH). This paper proposed a multi-energy threshold-based routing protocol supported LEACH, which provides different energy thresholds of battery energy state, called multi-energy threshold LEACH (MET-LEACH). The MET-LEACH uses remaining battery energy state to pick the CHs. the primary node dies (FND), the half nodes die (HND), the last node dies (LND), packet reception ratio (PRR) and therefore the application level latency are the performance parameters to evaluate the performance of the proposed MET-LEACH protocol using the Castalia simulator. The simulation results show that MET-LEACH gives significant improvement in terms of FND (112% to 290%), HND (76% to 161%) and LND (76% to 185%) over the performance of LEACH

An Energy Efficient Sleep/Wake up Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a rapid development and they take a lot of research attention because of their wide-range applications. A WSN consists of a large number of distributed sensor nodes. These nodes are often deployed in remote or hostile areas to monitor physical or environmental conditions where they send this data to a main location. The most critical parameter in WSNs is network lifetime, so an efficient routing protocol is essential to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the network lifetime. This paper proposes an energy-efficient chain-based cooperative routing protocol based on node sleep/wake-up mechanism for WSNs. We compare this protocol with two efficient protocols; LEACH and CBCCP using MATLAB. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance and conserves more energy than the other two protocols

A multi-hop routing protocol for an energy-efficient in wireless sensor network

The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been developed to be implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems such as healthcare and military systems. LEACH protocol depends on clustering the employed sensors and electing one cluster head (CH) for each cluster. The CH nodes are changed periodically to evenly distribute the energy load among sensors. Updating the CH node requires electing different CH and re-clustering sensors. This process consumes sensors’ energy due to sending and receiving many broadcast and unicast messages thus reduces the network lifetime, which is regarded as a significant issue in LEACH. This research develops a new approach based on modifying the LEACH protocol to minimize the need of updating the cluster head. The proposal aims to extend the WSN’s lifetime by maintaining the sensor nodes’ energy. The suggested approach has been evaluated and shown remarkable efficiency in comparison with basic LEACH protocol and not-clustered protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and reducing the required sent messages in the network reflected by 15%, and, in addition, reducing the need to reformatting the clusters frequently and saving network resources

Modifikasi Inisialisasi Cluster head menggunakan Fuzzy C-Means Clustering untuk Efisiensi Energi pada Proses Data Gathering di Lingkungan Wireless Sensor Network

Proses pengumpulan data (data gathering) akan berpengaruh terhadap masa hidup jaringan dan konsumsi energi. Salah satu permasalah yang sering terjadi adalah konsumsi energi dan masa hidup jaringan, dimana energi yang dimiliki pada suatu protokol Wireless sensor network sangat terbatas, sedangkan proses pengambilan data dilakukan secara berulang-ulang. Sehingga diperlukan suatu metode penghematan energi agar energi yang dikonsumsi menjadi rendah dan masa hidup jaringan lebih lama. Penelitian ini mengusulkan modifikasi pemilihan cluster head menggunakan Fuzzy C-Means dan Particle Swarn Optimation untuk efisiensi nnergi pada wireless sensor network. Perbandingan masa hidup jaringan menunjukan bahwa strategi usulan memiliki tingkat hidup yang lebih panjang yaitu 9549 round atau 2,06 kali lipat dari protokol Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) pada sink (50,50) dengan rata-rata energi per transmisi 0.00032676 joule per transmission dan 7644 round atau 1,6 kali lipat dari protokol LEACH pada sink (50,100) dengan rata-rata energi per transmisi 0.000486052 joule per transmission. Hal ini mempertegas bahwa dengan melakukan optimasi data gathering dengan konsep multi hop pada wireless sensor network mampu meningkatkan masa hidup jaringan dan konsumsi energi yang rendah

An Efficient Routing Algorithm for Optimizing Energy Conservation and Improved Scalability in WSN

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a familiar technique to develop various real-world applications through sensor nodes on wireless networks. Energy efficiency and scalability are the important challenges in WSN, along withsome other parameters such as reliability, availability, and security. The nodes’ path and communication network have been decided based on routing techniques among the network nodes. Classical routing algorithms have improved the efficiency and accuracy of WSN nodes, but it works only in the limited range. The number of nodes is increased in WSN, and security of data transmitted has a lot of limitations in routing. This problem has been considered for a long time, but the level of improvement is only within a short range, not for larger networks and high-volume nodes. This problem has been overcome by an efficient routing algorithm SEERA (Scalable Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm). Familiar routing protocol techniques such as LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), Multi-LEACH, CELL-LEACH when compared with this algorithm shows that SEERA provides better security, energy efficiency and scalability. Also, the proposed algorithm uses hybrid MAC protocols along with the clusters communicated in Intra mode on the network. This research paper summarizes the results of SEERA withmore scalable nodes on WSN and also improved their energy efficiency among all nodes

Secure Cluster-Head Selection Algorithm Using Pattern for Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks

Selecting a cluster head (CH) in wireless mobile sensor network is a crucial task. Numerous algorithms have been presented for this purpose in recent literature. In these algorithms, all nodes are permitted to contend in CH selection process regardless of their less resource. This meaningless participation of ineligible nodes in the CH selection process causes unnecessary communication cost. Similarly the use of real data for CH selection increases communication cost. Additionally, no one algorithm has focus in security aspect of CH selection process. In this article Pattern Based secure CH Selection algorithm has been presented. This algorithm filters the ineligible nodes, puts them to sleep mode thereby restricting them from not participating in the CH selection process. Additionally the uses of pattern instead of real data in CH selection decrease communication cost and increase security of CH selection process. The simulation results show the improvement in lifetime and enhancement in security of CH selection

LEACH-CR: energy saving hierarchical network protocol based on low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network consists of hundreds to thousands of tiny sensor nodes deployed in the large field of the target phenomenon. Sensor nodes have advantages for its size, multifunctional, and inexpensive features; unfortunately, the resources are limited in terms of memory, computational, and in energy, especially. Network transmission between nodes and base station (BS) needs to be carefully designed to prolong the network life cycle. As the data transmission is energy consuming compared to data processing, designing sensor nodes into hierarchical network architecture is preferable because it can limit the network transmission. LEACH is one of the hierarchical network protocols known for simple and energy saving protocols. There are lots of modification made since LEACH was introduced for more energy efficient purposed. In this paper, hybridization of LEACH-C and LEACH-R and the modification have been presented for a more energy saving LEACH called LEACH-CR. Experimental result was compared with previous LEACH variant and showed to has advantages over the existing LEACH protocols in terms of energy consumption, dead/alive nodes, and the packet sent to Base Station. The result reflects that the consideration made for residual energy to select the cluster head and proximity transmission lead to a better energy consumption in the network

A Review of Wireless Sensor Networks with Cognitive Radio Techniques and Applications

The advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has inspired various sciences and telecommunication with its applications, there is a growing demand for robust methodologies that can ensure extended lifetime. Sensor nodes are small equipment which may hold less electrical energy and preserve it until they reach the destination of the network. The main concern is supposed to carry out sensor routing process along with transferring information. Choosing the best route for transmission in a sensor node is necessary to reach the destination and conserve energy. Clustering in the network is considered to be an effective method for gathering of data and routing through the nodes in wireless sensor networks. The primary requirement is to extend network lifetime by minimizing the consumption of energy. Further integrating cognitive radio technique into sensor networks, that can make smart choices based on knowledge acquisition, reasoning, and information sharing may support the network's complete purposes amid the presence of several limitations and optimal targets. This examination focuses on routing and clustering using metaheuristic techniques and machine learning because these characteristics have a detrimental impact on cognitive radio wireless sensor node lifetime