Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms on HPC Platforms

[EN] Clustering algorithms are one of the most widely used kernels to generate knowledge from large datasets. These algorithms group a set of data elements (i.e., images, points, patterns, etc.) into clusters to identify patterns or common features of a sample. However, these algorithms are very computationally expensive as they often involve the computation of expensive fitness functions that must be evaluated for all points in the dataset. This computational cost is even higher for fuzzy methods, where each data point may belong to more than one cluster. In this paper, we evaluate different parallelisation strategies on different heterogeneous platforms for fuzzy clustering algorithms typically used in the state-of-the-art such as the Fuzzy C-means (FCM), the Gustafson-Kessel FCM (GK-FCM) and the Fuzzy Minimals (FM). The experimental evaluation includes performance and energy trade-offs. Our results show that depending on the computational pattern of each algorithm, their mathematical foundation and the amount of data to be processed, each algorithm performs better on a different platform.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, under the Ramon y Cajal Program (Grant No. RYC2018-025580-I) and by the Spanish "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion" under grant PID2020-112827GB-I00 /AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, and under grants RTI2018-096384-B-I00, RTC-2017-6389-5 and RTC2019-007159-5, by the Fundacion Seneca del Centro de Coordinacion de la Investigacion de la Region de Murcia under Project 20813/PI/18, and by the "Conselleria de Educacion, Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Direccio General de Ciencia i Investigacio, Proyectos AICO/2020", Spain, under Grant AICO/2020/302.Cebrian, JM.; Imbernón, B.; Soto, J.; Cecilia-Canales, JM. (2021). Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms on HPC Platforms. Mathematics. 9(17):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/math917215612091

High-throughput fuzzy clustering on heterogeneous architectures

[EN] The Internet of Things (IoT) is pushing the next economic revolution in which the main players are data and immediacy. IoT is increasingly producing large amounts of data that are now classified as "dark data'' because most are created but never analyzed. The efficient analysis of this data deluge is becoming mandatory in order to transform it into meaningful information. Among the techniques available for this purpose, clustering techniques, which classify different patterns into groups, have proven to be very useful for obtaining knowledge from the data. However, clustering algorithms are computationally hard, especially when it comes to large data sets and, therefore, they require the most powerful computing platforms on the market. In this paper, we investigate coarse and fine grain parallelization strategies in Intel and Nvidia architectures of fuzzy minimals (FM) algorithm; a fuzzy clustering technique that has shown very good results in the literature. We provide an in-depth performance analysis of the FM's main bottlenecks, reporting a speed-up factor of up to 40x compared to the sequential counterpart version.This work was partially supported by the Fundacion Seneca del Centro de Coordinacion de la Investigacion de la Region de Murcia under Project 20813/PI/18, and by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grants TIN2016-78799-P (AEI/FEDER, UE), RTI2018-096384-B-I00, RTI2018-098156-B-C53 and RTC-2017-6389-5.Cebrian, JM.; Imbernón, B.; Soto, J.; García, JM.; Cecilia-Canales, JM. (2020). High-throughput fuzzy clustering on heterogeneous architectures. Future Generation Computer Systems. 106:401-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.01.022S401411106Waldrop, M. M. (2016). The chips are down for Moore’s law. Nature, 530(7589), 144-147. doi:10.1038/530144aCecilia, J. M., Timon, I., Soto, J., Santa, J., Pereniguez, F., & Munoz, A. (2018). 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Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms on GPU-Based Edge Computing Platforms

[EN] Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a new socioeconomic revolution in which data and immediacy are the main ingredients. IoT generates large datasets on a daily basis but it is currently considered as "dark data", i.e., data generated but never analyzed. The efficient analysis of this data is mandatory to create intelligent applications for the next generation of IoT applications that benefits society. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are very well suited to identifying hidden patterns and correlations in this data deluge. In particular, clustering algorithms are of the utmost importance for performing exploratory data analysis to identify a set (a.k.a., cluster) of similar objects. Clustering algorithms are computationally heavy workloads and require to be executed on high-performance computing clusters, especially to deal with large datasets. This execution on HPC infrastructures is an energy hungry procedure with additional issues, such as high-latency communications or privacy. Edge computing is a paradigm to enable light-weight computations at the edge of the network that has been proposed recently to solve these issues. In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of emergent edge computing architectures that include low-power Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to speed-up these workloads. Our analysis includes performance and power consumption figures of the latest Nvidia's AGX Xavier to compare the energy-performance ratio of these low-cost platforms with a high-performance cloud-based counterpart version. Three different clustering algorithms (i.e., k-means, Fuzzy Minimals (FM), and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM)) are designed to be optimally executed on edge and cloud platforms, showing a speed-up factor of up to 11x for the GPU code compared to sequential counterpart versions in the edge platforms and energy savings of up to 150% between the edge computing and HPC platforms.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, under the Ramon y Cajal Program (Grant No. RYC2018-025580-I) and under grants RTI2018-096384-B-I00, RTC-2017-6389-5 and RTC2019-007159-5 and by the Fundacion Seneca del Centro de Coordinacion de la Investigacion de la Region de Murcia under Project 20813/PI/18.Cecilia-Canales, JM.; Cano, J.; Morales-García, J.; Llanes, A.; Imbernón, B. (2020). Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms on GPU-Based Edge Computing Platforms. Sensors. 20(21):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216335S1192021Gebauer, H., Fleisch, E., Lamprecht, C., & Wortmann, F. 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Future Generation Computer Systems, 106, 401-411. doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.01.022Cecilia, J. M., Timon, I., Soto, J., Santa, J., Pereniguez, F., & Munoz, A. (2018). High-Throughput Infrastructure for Advanced ITS Services: A Case Study on Air Pollution Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 19(7), 2246-2257. doi:10.1109/tits.2018.2816741Sriramakrishnan, P., Kalaiselvi, T., & Rajeswaran, R. (2019). Modified local ternary patterns technique for brain tumour segmentation and volume estimation from MRI multi-sequence scans with GPU CUDA machine. Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 39(2), 470-487. doi:10.1016/j.bbe.2019.02.002Fang, Y., Chen, Q., & Xiong, N. (2019). A multi-factor monitoring fault tolerance model based on a GPU cluster for big data processing. Information Sciences, 496, 300-316. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2018.04.053Rodriguez, M. Z., Comin, C. H., Casanova, D., Bruno, O. M., Amancio, D. R., Costa, L. da F., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2019). Clustering algorithms: A comparative approach. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0210236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210236Pandove, D., Goel, S., & Rani, R. (2018). Systematic Review of Clustering High-Dimensional and Large Datasets. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 12(2), 1-68. doi:10.1145/3132088Bezdek, J. C., Ehrlich, R., & Full, W. (1984). FCM: The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Computers & Geosciences, 10(2-3), 191-203. doi:10.1016/0098-3004(84)90020-7Soto, J., Flores-Sintas, A., & Palarea-Albaladejo, J. (2008). Improving probabilities in a fuzzy clustering partition. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 159(4), 406-421. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2007.08.016Kolen, J. F., & Hutcheson, T. (2002). Reducing the time complexity of the fuzzy c-means algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 10(2), 263-267. doi:10.1109/91.99512