Animal-Computer Interaction: the emergence of a discipline

In this editorial to the IJHCS Special Issue on Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI), we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in this emerging field, outlining the main scientific interests of its developing community, in a broader cultural context of evolving human-animal relations. We summarise the core aims proposed for the development of ACI as a discipline, discussing the challenges these pose and how ACI researchers are trying to address them. We then introduce the contributions to the Special Issue, showing how they illustrate some of the key issues that characterise the current state-of-the-art in ACI, and finally reflect on how the journey ahead towards developing an ACI discipline could be undertaken

The Emerging Nature of Participation in Multispecies Interaction Design

Interactive technology has become integral part of daily life for both humans and animals, with animals often interacting with technologized environments on behalf of humans. For some, animals' participation in the design process is essential to design technology that can adequately support their activities. For others, animals' inability to understand and control design activities inevitably stands in the way of multispecies participatory practices. Here, we consider the essential elements of participation within interspecies interactions and illustrate its emergence, in spite of contextual constraints and asymmetries. To move beyond anthropomorphic notions of participation, and consequent anthropocentric practices, we propose a broader participatory model based on indexical semiosis, volition and choice; and we highlight dimensions that could define inclusive participatory practices more resilient to the diversity of understandings and goals among part-taking agents, and better able to account for the contribution of diverse, multispecies agents in interaction design and beyond

User Centered Design Approaches to Measuring Canine Behavior: Tail Wagging as a Measure of User Experience

Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) aims to design user-centered interactions between animals and technology. In this regard, a major challenge for researchers is accurately assessing and interpreting animal behavior, in part, due to the invasive nature of data collection techniques and to the individuality of behavior. This paper presents a method that uses tail wagging, a communicative behavior in dogs used in animal behavior and welfare studies, as a non-invasive parameter used to measure canine user experience (UX). We present findings from a study based on an observational analysis of three mobility assistance dogs’ tail wagging behaviors and canine personality scores. The findings show tail wagging is a communicative indicator, that the manner in which the tail is wagged correlates to personality, and that tail wagging provides a baseline to assess canine UX. A tail wagging ethogram was used as an evaluative tool for measuring canine UX during task training

P for Politics D for Dialogue: Reflections on Participatory Design with Children and Animals

Participatory Design strives to open up the decision-making process and empower all those who may be affected by design. This is opposed to Design as a non-participatory process, in which the power to make decisions is vested in the hands of one group to the possible detriment of others. In this paper we interrogate the nature, possibilities and limitations of Participatory Design through the perspective of Child Computer Interaction (CCI) and Animal Computer Interaction (ACI). Due to the cognitive and communication characteristics, and to the social and legal status of their participants, researchers in these communities have to contend with and challenge existing notions of participation and design. Thus, their theories and practices provide a lens through which the nature and goals of Participatory Design can be examined with a view to facilitating the development of more inclusive participatory models and practices

Animal-Computer Interaction: Auf den Weg zum technologisch vermittelten Multispeziesismus [Animal-Computer Interaction: towards Technologically Mediated Multispeciesity]

Seit Anbeginn der Menschheit hat Technologie als Vermittlerin in einer Vielzahl von anthropozentrischen Beziehungen mit anderen Tieren fungiert. Diese Beziehungen haben menschlichen Interessen systematisch zum Vorteil gereicht und waren das Fundament menschlicher Zivilisationen. Angefangen von den primitivsten Jagdgerätschaften bis zu den höchst entwickelten Landmaschinen und Überwachungseinrichtungen haben Technik und Technologie Menschen in die Lage versetzt, andere Tiere zunehmend zu beherrschen, und haben unsere Wahrnehmung dieser Tiere und unsere Interaktion mit ihnen tiefgreifend beeinflusst. Dies gilt besonders für die computergestützte interaktive Technologie, die innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte jeden Aspekt menschlicher Aktivität transformiert und sich rasch als fester Bestandteil des Alltags der Menschen etabliert hat. Computersysteme sind verwoben in das Geflecht unserer Städte, Arbeitsplätze, Häuser, Fahrzeuge und sogar unserer Körper. Sie machen es möglich, dass wir uns in bisher ungekannter Weise zu unserer Umwelt, zueinander und zu uns selbst in Beziehung setzen. Begleitend dazu hat die Einbindung von Tieren in menschliche Aktivitäten auch Tiere in wachsendem Maß dem Einfluss unserer Technik und Technologie ausgesetzt und von ihnen verlangt, mit dieser zu interagieren. Seit Anbeginn der Menschheit hat Technologie als Vermittlerin in einer Vielzahl von anthropozentrischen Beziehungen mit anderen Tieren fungiert. Diese Beziehungen haben menschlichen Interessen systematisch zum Vorteil gereicht und waren das Fundament menschlicher Zivilisationen. Angefangen von den primitivsten Jagdgerätschaften bis zu den höchst entwickelten Landmaschinen und Überwachungseinrichtungen haben Technik und Technologie Menschen in die Lage versetzt, andere Tiere zunehmend zu beherrschen, und haben unsere Wahrnehmung dieser Tiere und unsere Interaktion mit ihnen tiefgreifend beeinflusst. Dies gilt besonders für die computergestützte interaktive Technologie, die innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte jeden Aspekt menschlicher Aktivität transformiert und sich rasch als fester Bestandteil des Alltags der Menschen etabliert hat. Computersysteme sind verwoben in das Geflecht unserer Städte, Arbeitsplätze, Häuser, Fahrzeuge und sogar unserer Körper. Sie machen es möglich, dass wir uns in bisher ungekannter Weise zu unserer Umwelt, zueinander und zu uns selbst in Beziehung setzen. Begleitend dazu hat die Einbindung von Tieren in menschliche Aktivitäten auch Tiere in wachsendem Maß dem Einfluss unserer Technik und Technologie ausgesetzt und von ihnen verlangt, mit dieser zu interagieren. This paper introduces the field of Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI) and its fundamental aims: understanding the interaction between animals and technologies; designing animal-centred technology that improves animals’ welfare, supports their activities and fosters positive intra- and inter-species relations; and developing animal-centred methods that enable animals to participate in the design process. Through examples of work conducted in different areas within the field, the paper then articulates the reasons why such aims should be pursued, particularly at this historical time, demonstrating the importance of ACI as a discipline and as a worldview for animals, humans and the ecosystems we all share. Ultimately, the author argues, it might be in our species’ best interest to give animals their fair share of representation and control through animal-centred design processes and outcomes, and to invite them to co-design technologically mediated environments and futures with us, so that we could all benefit from the collective wisdom and strength of multispeciesity

Responsible ACI: Expanding the Influence of Animal-Computer Interaction

With emerging technologies powered by AI and IoT affecting animals in unprecedented ways, a question for the ACI community is how to expand the field’s influence so that the computing interactions to which animals are exposed do not harm but benefit them. This position paper proposes that more ACI work could: focus on the risks that technology poses for animals and the impacts of technology that does not necessarily target them, as well as on the benefits of technologies that target them; re-frame human-centric ethical frameworks produced by governance bodies from a multispecies perspective against which to foreground impacts of technologies on animals; explicitly relate ACI work to global societal priorities set by governance bodies against which to highlight how an animal-centred perspective can support those. The paper encourages researchers to take responsibility for the challenge of giving animals representation amongst anthropocentric pressures and, despite necessary compromises, to continue to push for animal-centred technological innovation

A Biosemiotics Perspective on Dogs’ Interaction with Interfaces: an Analytical and Design Framework

Understanding how animals might make sense of the interfaces they interact with is important to inform the design of animal-centered interactions. In this regard, biosemiotics provides a useful lens through which to examine animals’ interactions with interfaces and the sensemaking mechanisms that might underpin such interactions. This paper leverages Uexküll’s Umwelt theory, Peirce’s logic of sign relations and Gibson’s theory of affordances to analyze examples of dogs’ interactions with interfaces, particularly the role of the semiotic mechanisms of indexicality and isomorphism. Based on these analyses, the paper derives design implications, and proposes a semiotic framework to support the analysis and design of canine-centered interactions. The framework could be subsequently extended to support the analysis and design of interactive systems for other species

Politicising Animal-Computer Interaction: an Approach to Political Engagement with Animal-Centred Design

While ACI researchers aspire to design animal-centred technology, they must operate within socio-economic systems that are not necessarily animal-centred. This creates a tension between researchers’ endeavour to address the immediate needs of animals in specific situations through technological interventions, on the one hand, and these interventions’ wider implications and consequences for the situation and life of various animal stakeholders beyond specific ACI projects, on the other hand. In this paper, we focus on the political nature of ACI, drawing from literature on political interaction design, which argues that designers should work towards social justice. Drawing from political philosophies, we then explore how extending the notion of social justice to animals might help define a political notion of animal centredness in ACI. Finally, through the lens of this notion of animal centredness, we consider the relevance of previously proposed strategies for political interaction design and propose an approach that could support ACI researchers’ political engagement in animal-centred design

Multispecies Communities

Prof. Dr. Jens Schröter, Dr. Pablo Abend und Prof. Dr. Benjamin Beil sind Herausgeber der Reihe. Die Herausgeber*innen der einzelnen Hefte sind renommierte Wissenschaftler*innen aus dem In- und Ausland."Multispecies Communities" sind nicht mehr alleine auf den Menschen fixiert und bringen andere Akteure ins Spiel. Damit ergeben sich neue Formen der Kommunikationen und Kollaborationen, der Verantwortlichkeiten und der Rücksichtnahmen (awareness), der Vergemeinschaftungen und der Teilhaben: Diese finden statt zwischen Menschen und Tieren, Pflanzen und Algorithmen, Artefakten und Biofakten, Maschinen und Medien; zwischen den Sphären von belebt und unbelebt, real und virtuell, unberührt und augmentiert. Der Umgang mit Technik ist längst kein menschliches Privileg mehr, wie die Ausdifferenzierungen von Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI) oder Plant-Computer Interaction (PCI) verdeutlichen. Diese Ausdifferenzierungen finden ihren Niederschlag ebenso in den verschiedenen Disziplinen der Wissenschaft und in der Kunst sowie in gesellschaftlichen, sozialen, ethischen und politischen Aushandlungen des gemeinsamen Miteinanders. In dieser Ausgabe sind für diesen Diskussionszusammenhang relevante programmatische Texte versammelt und erstmals für den deutschsprachigen Raum zugänglich gemacht."Multispecies communities" are no longer focused on humans alone and bring other actors into play. This results in new forms of communication and collaboration, of responsibilities and awareness, of communalisation and participation: These take place between humans and animals, plants and algorithms, artefacts and biofacts, machines and media; between the spheres of animate and inanimate, real and virtual, untouched and augmented. Dealing with technology is no longer a human privilege, as the differentiations from Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) into Animal-Computer Interaction (ACI) or Plant-Computer Interaction (PCI) exemplify. These differentiations are also reflected in the various disciplines of science and art as well as in societal, social, ethical and political negotiations of shared interaction. In this issue, relevant programmatic texts have been collected for this discussion context and made available for the first time for the German-speaking area