A proposed energy efficient medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes are broadly used in various sectors nowadays. WSN nodes experience a lot of problems that impact on battery life for sensor node such as, overhearing, collision, hidden node, idle listening, schedule drifts, and high latency. Moreover, WSN nodes are strongly dependent on its limited battery power, and replenishing it again is difficult as nodes are organized in an ad-hoc manner. Energy consumption is the most vital factor to determine the life of a sensor network because sensor nodes are driven by low battery resources. An approach to conserve energy in WSN nodes is to carefully design its Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Several previous work has been carried out to mitigate many problems that impact on battery life for sensor node such as overhearing, collision, and hidden node. This dissertation attempts to design, a hybrid Energy-Efficient MAC (EEMAC) protocol to address the energy issues that are related to WSN nodes. This protocol aims to reduce idle listening times as well as lowering the latency time thus reducing the energy consumption. The proposed protocol has been developed and analysed using the ns-2 simulator. A mathematical model was used to verify and prove the efficiency of the proposed protocol. We have compared our proposed EE-MAC protocol with the existing contention-based IEEE 802.11 PSM protocol. The simulation results illustrate EE-MAC has achieved better energy conservation than the IEEE 802.11 PSM protocol

An energy-efficient MAC protocol to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes are widely used in various sectors nowadays. WSN nodes experience a lot of problems that impact on battery life for sensor node such as, overhearing, collision,hidden node, idle listening, schedule drifts, and high latency. Moreover, WSN nodes are strongly dependent on its limited battery power, and replenishing it again is difficult as nodes are deployed in an ad-hoc manner.Energy consumption is the most important factor to determine the life of a sensor network because usually sensor nodes are driven by low battery resources. An approach to conserve energy in WSN nodes is to carefully design its Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Several previous work has been carried out to mitigate many problems that impact on battery life for sensor node such as overhearing, collision, and hidden node. This paper attempts to design Energy-Efficient MAC (EEMAC), a hybrid energy-efficient protocol to address the energy issues that are related to WSNs nodes.This protocol aims to reduce idle listening times as well as lowering the latency time thus reducing the energy consumption.The proposed protocol has been developed and analyzed using the ns-2 Simulator.A mathematical model was used to prove the efficiency of the proposed protocol. We have compared our proposed EE-MAC protocol with the existing contention-based IEEE 802.11 PSM protocol.The simulation results illustrate that the EE-MAC has achieved better energy conservation than the IEEE 802.11 PSM protocol

Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring for IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides a virtual view, via the Internet Protocol, to a huge variety of real life objects, ranging from a car, to a teacup, to a building, to trees in a forest. Its appeal is the ubiquitous generalized access to the status and location of any "thing" we may be interested in. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are well suited for long-term environmental data acquisition for IoT representation. This paper presents the functional design and implementation of a complete WSN platform that can be used for a range of long-term environmental monitoring IoT applications. The application requirements for low cost, high number of sensors, fast deployment, long lifetime, low maintenance, and high quality of service are considered in the specification and design of the platform and of all its components. Low-effort platform reuse is also considered starting from the specifications and at all design levels for a wide array of related monitoring application

Collaborative Distributed Scheduling Approaches for Wireless Sensor Network

Energy constraints restrict the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with battery-powered nodes, which poses great challenges for their large scale application. In this paper, we propose a family of collaborative distributed scheduling approaches (CDSAs) based on the Markov process to reduce the energy consumption of a WSN. The family of CDSAs comprises of two approaches: a one-step collaborative distributed approach and a two-step collaborative distributed approach. The approaches enable nodes to learn the behavior information of its environment collaboratively and integrate sleep scheduling with transmission scheduling to reduce the energy consumption. We analyze the adaptability and practicality features of the CDSAs. The simulation results show that the two proposed approaches can effectively reduce nodes' energy consumption. Some other characteristics of the CDSAs like buffer occupation and packet delay are also analyzed in this paper. We evaluate CDSAs extensively on a 15-node WSN testbed. The test results show that the CDSAs conserve the energy effectively and are feasible for real WSNs

Applications of Prediction Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) collect data and continuously monitor ambient data such as temperature, humidity and light. The continuous data transmission of energy constrained sensor nodes is a challenge to the lifetime and performance of WSNs. The type of deployment environment is also and the network topology also contributes to the depletion of nodes which threatens the lifetime and the also the performance of the network. To overcome these challenges, a number of approaches have been proposed and implemented. Of these approaches are routing, clustering, prediction, and duty cycling. Prediction approaches may be used to schedule the sleep periods of nodes to improve the lifetime. The chapter discusses WSN deployment environment, energy conservation techniques, mobility in WSN, prediction approaches and their applications in scheduling the sleep/wake-up periods of sensor nodes

Design and Field Test of a WSN Platform Prototype for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring

Long-term wildfire monitoring using distributed in situ temperature sensors is an accurate, yet demanding environmental monitoring application, which requires long-life, low-maintenance, low-cost sensors and a simple, fast, error-proof deployment procedure. We present in this paper the most important design considerations and optimizations of all elements of a low-cost WSN platform prototype for long-term, low-maintenance pervasive wildfire monitoring, its preparation for a nearly three-month field test, the analysis of the causes of failure during the test and the lessons learned for platform improvement. The main components of the total cost of the platform (nodes, deployment and maintenance) are carefully analyzed and optimized for this application. The gateways are designed to operate with resources that are generally used for sensor nodes, while the requirements and cost of the sensor nodes are significantly lower. We define and test in simulation and in the field experiment a simple, but effective communication protocol for this application. It helps to lower the cost of the nodes and field deployment procedure, while extending the theoretical lifetime of the sensor nodes to over 16 years on a single 1 Ah lithium battery