H-MAC: A Hybrid MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a hybrid medium access control protocol (H-MAC) for wireless sensor networks. It is based on the IEEE 802.11's power saving mechanism (PSM) and slotted aloha, and utilizes multiple slots dynamically to improve performance. Existing MAC protocols for sensor networks reduce energy consumptions by introducing variation in an active/sleep mechanism. But they may not provide energy efficiency in varying traffic conditions as well as they did not address Quality of Service (QoS) issues. H-MAC, the propose MAC protocol maintains energy efficiency as well as QoS issues like latency, throughput, and channel utilization. Our numerical results show that H-MAC has significant improvements in QoS parameters than the existing MAC protocols for sensor networks while consuming comparable amount of energy.Comment: 10 pages, IJCNC Journal 201

Evaluation of various MAC Protocols for Node Density in Wireless Sensor Networks based on QoS

A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes that communicate with one another to gather data and send it to a base station. The quality of service provided by sensor networks determines their efficiency and lifetime.  Energy, channel capacity, packet transmission, packet drop, and latency are all factors in QoS. In WSNs, routing protocols are designed to discover the shortest route to a network's destination, whereas MAC protocols are designed to transmit data through a communication channel. To increase the network's life span, the best routing and MAC protocols are required for communication. In this research, we examined the performance of different MAC protocols for a variety of QoS measures as node density increased. Future researchers will benefit from this research in establishing the best hybrid protocols for wireless sensor networks. The results demonstrate that CSMA is the best communication protocol among the others

ER-MAC: A hybrid MAC protocol for emergency response wireless sensor networks

This paper introduces ER-MAC, a hybrid MAC protocol for emergency response wireless sensor networks. ERMAC is designed as a hybrid of the TDMA and CSMA approaches, giving it the flexibility to adapt to traffic and topology changes. It adopts a TDMA approach to schedule collision-free slots. Nodes wake up for their scheduled slots, but otherwise switch into power-saving sleep mode. When an emergency occurs, nodes that participate in the emergency monitoring change their MAC behaviour by allowing contention in TDMA slots to achieve high delivery ratio and low latency. ER-MAC offers a synchronised and loose slot structure to allow nodes to join or leave the network. Simulations in ns-2 show that ERMAC outperforms Z-MAC with higher delivery ratio, lower latency, and lower energy consumption

A hybrid MAC protocol for emergency response wireless sensor networks

We introduce ER-MAC, a novel hybrid MAC protocol for emergency response wireless sensor networks. It tackles the most important emergency response requirements, such as autonomous switching from energy-efficient normal monitoring to emergency monitoring to cope with heavy traffic, robust adaptation to changes in the topology, packet prioritisation and fairness support. ER-MAC is designed as a hybrid of the TDMA and CSMA approaches, giving it the flexibility to adapt to traffic and topology changes. It adopts a TDMA approach to schedule collision-free slots. Nodes wake up for their scheduled slots, but otherwise switch into power-saving sleep mode. When an emergency occurs, nodes that participate in the emergency monitoring change their MAC behaviour by allowing contention in TDMA slots to achieve high delivery ratio and low latency. In its operation, ER-MAC prioritises high priority packets and sacrifices the delivery ratio and latency of the low priority ones. ER-MAC also guarantees fairness over the packets' sources and offers a synchronised and loose slot structure to allow nodes to join or leave the network. Simulations in ns-2 show the superiority of ER-MAC over Z-MAC, a state-of-the art hybrid MAC protocol, with higher delivery ratio, lower latency, and lower energy consumption. When a cluster of nodes in the network detects fire, nodes with ER-MAC deliver twice as many high priority emergency packets and four times faster than Z-MAC. This is achieved by ER-MAC with only one fifth as much energy as Z-MAC

Efficient MAC Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Network with Heterogeneous Sensor Nodes

Although several Directional Medium Access Control (DMAC) protocols have been designed for use with homogeneous networks, it can take a substantial amount of time to change sensor nodes that are equipped with an omnidirectional antenna for sensor nodes with a directional antenna. Thus, we require a novel MAC protocol for use with an intermediate wireless network that consists of heterogeneous sensor nodes equipped with either an omnidirectional antenna or a directional antenna. The MAC protocols that have been designed for use in homogeneous networks are not suitable for use in a hybrid network due to deaf, hidden, and exposed nodes. Therefore, we propose a MAC protocol that exploits the characteristics of a directional antenna and can also work efficiently with omnidirectional nodes in a hybrid network. In order to address the deaf, hidden, and exposed node problems, we define RTS/CTS for the neighbor (RTSN/CTSN) and Neighbor Information (NIP) packets. The performance of the proposed MAC protocol is evaluated through a numerical analysis using a Markov model. In addition, the analytical results of the MAC protocol are verified through an OPNET simulation

HEH-BMAC: hybrid polling MAC protocol for WBANs operated by human energy harvesting

This paper introduces human energy harvesting medium access control (MAC) protocol (HEH-BMAC), a hybrid polling MAC suitable for wireless body area networks powered by human energy harvesting. The proposed protocol combines two different medium access methods, namely polling (ID-polling) and probabilistic contention access, to adapt its operation to the different energy and state (active/inactive) changes that the network nodes may experience due to their random nature and the time variation of the energy harvesting sources. HEH-BMAC exploits the packet inter-arrival time and the energy harvesting rate information of each node to implement an efficient access scheme with different priority levels. In addition, our protocol can be applied dynamically in realistic networks, since it is adaptive to the topology changes, allowing the insertion/removal of wireless sensor nodes. Extensive simulations have been conducted in order to evaluate the protocol performance and study the throughput and energy tradeoffs.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

QoS Analysis for a Non-Preemptive Continuous Monitoring and Event Driven WSN Protocol in Mobile Environments

Evolution in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has allowed the introduction of new applications with increased complexity regarding communication protocols, which have to ensure that certain QoS parameters are met. Specifically, mobile applications require the system to respond in a certain manner in order to adequately track the target object. Hybrid algorithms that perform Continuous Monitoring (CntM) and Event-Driven (ED) duties have proven their ability to enhance performance in different environments, where emergency alarms are required. In this paper, several types of environments are studied using mathematical models and simulations, for evaluating the performance of WALTER, a priority-based nonpreemptive hybrid WSN protocol that aims to reduce delay and packet loss probability in time-critical packets. First, randomly distributed events are considered. This environment can be used to model a wide variety of physical phenomena, for which report delay and energy consumption are analyzed by means of Markov models. Then, mobile-only environments are studied for object tracking purposes. Here, some of the parameters that determine the performance of the system are identified. Finally, an environment containing mobile objects and randomly distributed events is considered. It is shown that by assigning high priority to time-critical packets, report delay is reduced and network performance is enhanced.This work was partially supported by CONACyT under Project 183370. The research of Vicent Pla has been supported in part by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under Grant TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R.Leyva Mayorga, I.; Rivero-Angeles, ME.; Carreto-Arellano, C.; Pla, V. (2015). QoS Analysis for a Non-Preemptive Continuous Monitoring and Event Driven WSN Protocol in Mobile Environments. 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Emergency response MAC protocol (ER-MAC) for wireless sensor networks

We introduce ER-MAC, a hybrid MAC protocol for emergency response wireless sensor networks. ER-MAC is designed as a hybrid of the TDMA and CSMA approaches, giving it the flexibility to adapt to traffic and topology changes. It adopts a TDMA approach to schedule collision-free slots. Nodes wake up for their scheduled slots, but otherwise sleep to conserve energy. When an emergency occurs, nodes that participate in the emergency monitoring change their MAC behaviour by allowing contention in TDMA slots. Simulations in ns-2 show that ER-MAC outperforms Z-MAC with higher delivery ratio, lower latency, and lower energy consumption

How to Choose the Relevant MAC Protocol for Wireless Smart Parking Urban Networks?

Parking sensor network is rapidly deploying around the world and is regarded as one of the first implemented urban services in smart cities. To provide the best network performance, the MAC protocol shall be adaptive enough in order to satisfy the traffic intensity and variation of parking sensors. In this paper, we study the heavy-tailed parking and vacant time models from SmartSantander, and then we apply the traffic model in the simulation with four different kinds of MAC protocols, that is, contention-based, schedule-based and two hybrid versions of them. The result shows that the packet interarrival time is no longer heavy-tailed while collecting a group of parking sensors, and then choosing an appropriate MAC protocol highly depends on the network configuration. Also, the information delay is bounded by traffic and MAC parameters which are important criteria while the timely message is required.Comment: The 11th ACM International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (2014