Statistical methods for the selection of differentially expressed genes from DNA array data : application to the analysis of the gene expression induced in sugarcane by phosphate deficiency

Orientador: Marcelo Menossi Teixeira, Aluisio de Souza PinheiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Arranjos de DNA são uma poderosa técnica de monitoramento da expressão gênica em larga escala. No entanto, a grande quantidade de dados gerados com esse tipo de experimento requer um tratamento estatístico adequado às suas características. Uma aplicação importante dos arranjos de DNA é a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em diferentes amostras de RNA. Essa seleção demanda testes estatísticos apurados, capazes de distinguir, entre o grande número de genes usualmente presentes nos arranjos, aqueles cuja expressão é significativamente diferenciada. Neste trabalho nós desenvolvemos algoritmos para a análise estatística dos dados provenientes de arranjos de DNA, eficientes em lidar com os problemas usuais nesse tipo de dados, como o número limitado de réplicas. Aplicados a dados simulados, os algoritmos desenvolvidos mostraram-se competitivos com outros métodos de análises descritos na literatura, superando-os em algumas situações. A aplicação desses algoritmos foi também demonstrada em um experimento voltado à identificação de genes de cana-deaçúcar diferencialmente expressos em resposta a deficiência de fosfato. O fósforo é um macronutriente essencial, captado pelas plantas principalmente na forma de fosfato inorgânico (Pi). A deficiência de fosfato é freqüente na natureza, especialmente nos solos ácidos das regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Devido a grande importância econômica da cana-de-açúcar, a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em resposta à deficiência de fosfato nesta espécie é de grande interesse científico e agronômico. Algoritmos de agrupamento foram também aplicados aos dados de expressão obtidos no experimento, identificando padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estágios da resposta da cana a esse estresse e proporcionando assim uma caracterização adicional da mesma. Futuramente, os resultados desse trabalho podem conduzir ao desenvolvimento de linhagens de cana-de-açúcar com melhor desempenho em solos pobres de fosfato, o que seria de extremo interesse agronômicoAbstract: DNA arrays are a powerful technique for monitoring gene expression in large scale. However, the great amount of data generated by this kind of experiment requires a statistical treatment adequate to its characteristics. An important application of DNA arrays is the identification of differentially expressed genes in different RNA samples. This selection demands refined statistical tests, able of distinguish among the great number of genes usually present in the arrays those which expression is significantly different. In this work, we have developed algorithms for the analysis of DNA array data, efficient in handling the usual problems in this kind of data, as the limited number of replicates. When applied to data simulations the developed algorithms showed to be competitive with other methods of analysis described in the literature and widely used, overperforming them in some situations. The application of these algorithms was also demonstrated in an experiment devoted to the identification of sugarcane genes differentially expressed in response to phosphate deficiency. Phosphorous is an essential macronutrient, absorbed by plants mostly in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi). The phosphate deficiency is frequent in the nature, especially in the acid soils of tropical and subtropical areas. Because of the great economical importance of sugarcane, the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in response to phosphate deficiency in this species is of great scientific and agronomic interest. Clustering algorithms were also applied to the expression data obtained in the experiment, identifying patterns of gene expression in the different stages of the sugarcane response to the stress, thus providing an additional characterization of it. In the future, the results of this work can lead to the development of sugarcane cultivars that have better performance in phosphate deficient soils, what would be of great agronomic interestDoutoradoBioinformáticaDoutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecula

The HBP1 tumor suppressor is a negative epigenetic regulator of MYCN driven neuroblastoma through interaction with the PRC2 complex

C

Modelling GATA2 immunodeficiency and the progression towards Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

Heterozygous germline mutations in the GATA2 gene gives rise to an immunodeficiency syndrome characterised by cytopenias, severe infections and a predisposition towards haematological maligancies such as myeloidysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Clinical data from GATA2 mutated families reveal a variable age at presentation, a variable disease phenotype and a proportion of asymptomatic carriers, suggesting incomplete penetrance. Acquisition of secondary hits such as somatic mutations in the ASXL1 gene and cytogenetic abnormalities such as monosomy 7 and trisomy 8 are commonly found in patients that have progressed towards MDS/AML. Perturbation in the immune system of these patients leads to persistent inflammation. Indeed, scRNA-seq from patient samples showed immune and inflammatory pathway dysregulation at the HSC level, which has also been confirmed in our lab in HSCs from Gata2 heterozygous mice. Whilst there has been much research over the years investigating the loss of GATA2 in a variety of mouse and human models, many have failed to recapitulate key aspects of the disease. Using human iPSCs, primary cord blood CD34+ cells and transgenic mouse models, GATA2 immunodeficiency was modelled along with further investigations into inflammation as a potential driver of disease progression. In this thesis, CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR base editors were used to engineer specific GATA2 mutations - T354M and R361C – into human iPSC lines followed by truncating ASXL1 mutations to model GATA2 immunodeficiency and its progression towards myeloid malignancy. Unfortunately, due to technical and time limitations (including COVID19) this work was unable to be taken to fruition. Interestingly, in vitro bacterial stimulation selectively increased CFU output and CD14 expression in GATA2 knockdown cord blood CD34+ cells. In addition, chronic inflammation led to splenomegaly and granuloma formation along with a reduction of Gr1+ Mac1+ cells in the BM of mice with haematopoietic-specific deletion of a single Gata2 allele. Finally, in comparison with steady-state conditions where Gata2- heterozygous HSC levels were reduced by half, HSC numbers remained unchanged while control HSCs were reduced by half upon inflammation, indicating that Gata2 heterozygosity enabled HSCs mechanism to better adapt to inflammation. Taken together, this work highlights that a multi-model approach is desirable to study GATA2 familial MDS/AML and that inflammation is an important mediator for disease progression in GATA2 immunodeficiency syndromes thus opening new avenues for disease modelling and therapeutic intervention

Psr1p interacts with SUN/sad1p and EB1/mal3p to establish the bipolar spindle

Regular Abstracts - Sunday Poster Presentations: no. 382During mitosis, interpolar microtubules from two spindle pole bodies (SPBs) interdigitate to create an antiparallel microtubule array for accommodating numerous regulatory proteins. Among these proteins, the kinesin-5 cut7p/Eg5 is the key player responsible for sliding apart antiparallel microtubules and thus helps in establishing the bipolar spindle. At the onset of mitosis, two SPBs are adjacent to one another with most microtubules running nearly parallel toward the nuclear envelope, creating an unfavorable microtubule configuration for the kinesin-5 kinesins. Therefore, how the cell organizes the antiparallel microtubule array in the first place at mitotic onset remains enigmatic. Here, we show that a novel protein psrp1p localizes to the SPB and plays a key role in organizing the antiparallel microtubule array. The absence of psr1+ leads to a transient monopolar spindle and massive chromosome loss. Further functional characterization demonstrates that psr1p is recruited to the SPB through interaction with the conserved SUN protein sad1p and that psr1p physically interacts with the conserved microtubule plus tip protein mal3p/EB1. These results suggest a model that psr1p serves as a linking protein between sad1p/SUN and mal3p/EB1 to allow microtubule plus ends to be coupled to the SPBs for organization of an antiparallel microtubule array. Thus, we conclude that psr1p is involved in organizing the antiparallel microtubule array in the first place at mitosis onset by interaction with SUN/sad1p and EB1/mal3p, thereby establishing the bipolar spindle.postprin

Removal of antagonistic spindle forces can rescue metaphase spindle length and reduce chromosome segregation defects

Regular Abstracts - Tuesday Poster Presentations: no. 1925Metaphase describes a phase of mitosis where chromosomes are attached and oriented on the bipolar spindle for subsequent segregation at anaphase. In diverse cell types, the metaphase spindle is maintained at a relatively constant length. Metaphase spindle length is proposed to be regulated by a balance of pushing and pulling forces generated by distinct sets of spindle microtubules and their interactions with motors and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Spindle length appears important for chromosome segregation fidelity, as cells with shorter or longer than normal metaphase spindles, generated through deletion or inhibition of individual mitotic motors or MAPs, showed chromosome segregation defects. To test the force balance model of spindle length control and its effect on chromosome segregation, we applied fast microfluidic temperature-control with live-cell imaging to monitor the effect of switching off different combinations of antagonistic forces in the fission yeast metaphase spindle. We show that spindle midzone proteins kinesin-5 cut7p and microtubule bundler ase1p contribute to outward pushing forces, and spindle kinetochore proteins kinesin-8 klp5/6p and dam1p contribute to inward pulling forces. Removing these proteins individually led to aberrant metaphase spindle length and chromosome segregation defects. Removing these proteins in antagonistic combination rescued the defective spindle length and, in some combinations, also partially rescued chromosome segregation defects. Our results stress the importance of proper chromosome-to-microtubule attachment over spindle length regulation for proper chromosome segregation.postprin

Dichotomic role of NAADP/two-pore channel 2/Ca2+ signaling in regulating neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells

Poster Presentation - Stem Cells and Pluripotency: abstract no. 1866The mobilization of intracellular Ca2+stores is involved in diverse cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation. At least three endogenous Ca2+mobilizing messengers have been identified, including inositol trisphosphate (IP3), cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR), and nicotinic adenine acid dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). Similar to IP3, NAADP can mobilize calcium release in a wide variety of cell types and species, from plants to animals. Moreover, it has been previously shown that NAADP but not IP3-mediated Ca2+increases can potently induce neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. Recently, two pore channels (TPCs) have been identified as a novel family of NAADP-gated calcium release channels in endolysosome. Therefore, it is of great interest to examine the role of TPC2 in the neural differentiation of mouse ES cells. We found that the expression of TPC2 is markedly decreased during the initial ES cell entry into neural progenitors, and the levels of TPC2 gradually rebound during the late stages of neurogenesis. Correspondingly, perturbing the NAADP signaling by TPC2 knockdown accelerates mouse ES cell differentiation into neural progenitors but inhibits these neural progenitors from committing to the final neural lineage. Interestingly, TPC2 knockdown has no effect on the differentiation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of mouse ES cells. Overexpression of TPC2, on the other hand, inhibits mouse ES cell from entering the neural lineage. Taken together, our data indicate that the NAADP/TPC2-mediated Ca2+signaling pathway plays a temporal and dichotomic role in modulating the neural lineage entry of ES cells; in that NAADP signaling antagonizes ES cell entry to early neural progenitors, but promotes late neural differentiation.postprin