Real-time human ambulation, activity, and physiological monitoring:taxonomy of issues, techniques, applications, challenges and limitations

Automated methods of real-time, unobtrusive, human ambulation, activity, and wellness monitoring and data analysis using various algorithmic techniques have been subjects of intense research. The general aim is to devise effective means of addressing the demands of assisted living, rehabilitation, and clinical observation and assessment through sensor-based monitoring. The research studies have resulted in a large amount of literature. This paper presents a holistic articulation of the research studies and offers comprehensive insights along four main axes: distribution of existing studies; monitoring device framework and sensor types; data collection, processing and analysis; and applications, limitations and challenges. The aim is to present a systematic and most complete study of literature in the area in order to identify research gaps and prioritize future research directions

Classification of Humans into Ayurvedic Prakruti Types using Computer Vision

Ayurveda, a 5000 years old Indian medical science, believes that the universe and hence humans are made up of five elements namely ether, fire, water, earth, and air. The three Doshas (Tridosha) Vata, Pitta, and Kapha originated from the combinations of these elements. Every person has a unique combination of Tridosha elements contributing to a person’s ‘Prakruti’. Prakruti governs the physiological and psychological tendencies in all living beings as well as the way they interact with the environment. This balance influences their physiological features like the texture and colour of skin, hair, eyes, length of fingers, the shape of the palm, body frame, strength of digestion and many more as well as the psychological features like their nature (introverted, extroverted, calm, excitable, intense, laidback), and their reaction to stress and diseases. All these features are coded in the constituents at the time of a person’s creation and do not change throughout their lifetime. Ayurvedic doctors analyze the Prakruti of a person either by assessing the physical features manually and/or by examining the nature of their heartbeat (pulse). Based on this analysis, they diagnose, prevent and cure the disease in patients by prescribing precision medicine. This project focuses on identifying Prakruti of a person by analysing his facial features like hair, eyes, nose, lips and skin colour using facial recognition techniques in computer vision. This is the first of its kind research in this problem area that attempts to bring image processing into the domain of Ayurveda

Semi-Supervised First-Person Activity Recognition in Body-Worn Video

Body-worn cameras are now commonly used for logging daily life, sports, and law enforcement activities, creating a large volume of archived footage. This paper studies the problem of classifying frames of footage according to the activity of the camera-wearer with an emphasis on application to real-world police body-worn video. Real-world datasets pose a different set of challenges from existing egocentric vision datasets: the amount of footage of different activities is unbalanced, the data contains personally identifiable information, and in practice it is difficult to provide substantial training footage for a supervised approach. We address these challenges by extracting features based exclusively on motion information then segmenting the video footage using a semi-supervised classification algorithm. On publicly available datasets, our method achieves results comparable to, if not better than, supervised and/or deep learning methods using a fraction of the training data. It also shows promising results on real-world police body-worn video

Paradigms in Management

The paper laments the current confusion in business science with regard to its epistemology. Any scientific discipline needs a firm structural basis, otherwise research is unfocused and flawed. In business science not even the vocabulary is clear: terms like Management and Business Administration mean many things to different people. The paper suggests to replace Burrell and Morgan’s matrix of sociological paradigms with a new typology which is really able to guide research and practice alike. Management scholars have argued too long without any sense of direction and managers have as a result become reserved and somewhat cynical toward Management theory.Epistemology, paradigms in business, theory and practice, management, business science, sociology

Workload-aware systems and interfaces for cognitive augmentation

In today's society, our cognition is constantly influenced by information intake, attention switching, and task interruptions. This increases the difficulty of a given task, adding to the existing workload and leading to compromised cognitive performances. The human body expresses the use of cognitive resources through physiological responses when confronted with a plethora of cognitive workload. This temporarily mobilizes additional resources to deal with the workload at the cost of accelerated mental exhaustion. We predict that recent developments in physiological sensing will increasingly create user interfaces that are aware of the user’s cognitive capacities, hence able to intervene when high or low states of cognitive workload are detected. In this thesis, we initially focus on determining opportune moments for cognitive assistance. Subsequently, we investigate suitable feedback modalities in a user-centric design process which are desirable for cognitive assistance. We present design requirements for how cognitive augmentation can be achieved using interfaces that sense cognitive workload. We then investigate different physiological sensing modalities to enable suitable real-time assessments of cognitive workload. We provide empirical evidence that the human brain is sensitive to fluctuations in cognitive resting states, hence making cognitive effort measurable. Firstly, we show that electroencephalography is a reliable modality to assess the mental workload generated during the user interface operation. Secondly, we use eye tracking to evaluate changes in eye movements and pupil dilation to quantify different workload states. The combination of machine learning and physiological sensing resulted in suitable real-time assessments of cognitive workload. The use of physiological sensing enables us to derive when cognitive augmentation is suitable. Based on our inquiries, we present applications that regulate cognitive workload in home and work settings. We deployed an assistive system in a field study to investigate the validity of our derived design requirements. Finding that workload is mitigated, we investigated how cognitive workload can be visualized to the user. We present an implementation of a biofeedback visualization that helps to improve the understanding of brain activity. A final study shows how cognitive workload measurements can be used to predict the efficiency of information intake through reading interfaces. Here, we conclude with use cases and applications which benefit from cognitive augmentation. This thesis investigates how assistive systems can be designed to implicitly sense and utilize cognitive workload for input and output. To do so, we measure cognitive workload in real-time by collecting behavioral and physiological data from users and analyze this data to support users through assistive systems that adapt their interface according to the currently measured workload. Our overall goal is to extend new and existing context-aware applications by the factor cognitive workload. We envision Workload-Aware Systems and Workload-Aware Interfaces as an extension in the context-aware paradigm. To this end, we conducted eight research inquiries during this thesis to investigate how to design and create workload-aware systems. Finally, we present our vision of future workload-aware systems and workload-aware interfaces. Due to the scarce availability of open physiological data sets, reference implementations, and methods, previous context-aware systems were limited in their ability to utilize cognitive workload for user interaction. Together with the collected data sets, we expect this thesis to pave the way for methodical and technical tools that integrate workload-awareness as a factor for context-aware systems.Tagtäglich werden unsere kognitiven Fähigkeiten durch die Verarbeitung von unzähligen Informationen in Anspruch genommen. Dies kann die Schwierigkeit einer Aufgabe durch mehr oder weniger Arbeitslast beeinflussen. Der menschliche Körper drückt die Nutzung kognitiver Ressourcen durch physiologische Reaktionen aus, wenn dieser mit kognitiver Arbeitsbelastung konfrontiert oder überfordert wird. Dadurch werden weitere Ressourcen mobilisiert, um die Arbeitsbelastung vorübergehend zu bewältigen. Wir prognostizieren, dass die derzeitige Entwicklung physiologischer Messverfahren kognitive Leistungsmessungen stets möglich machen wird, um die kognitive Arbeitslast des Nutzers jederzeit zu messen. Diese sind in der Lage, einzugreifen wenn eine zu hohe oder zu niedrige kognitive Belastung erkannt wird. Wir konzentrieren uns zunächst auf die Erkennung passender Momente für kognitive Unterstützung welche sich der gegenwärtigen kognitiven Arbeitslast bewusst sind. Anschließend untersuchen wir in einem nutzerzentrierten Designprozess geeignete Feedbackmechanismen, die zur kognitiven Assistenz beitragen. Wir präsentieren Designanforderungen, welche zeigen wie Schnittstellen eine kognitive Augmentierung durch die Messung kognitiver Arbeitslast erreichen können. Anschließend untersuchen wir verschiedene physiologische Messmodalitäten, welche Bewertungen der kognitiven Arbeitsbelastung in Realzeit ermöglichen. Zunächst validieren wir empirisch, dass das menschliche Gehirn auf kognitive Arbeitslast reagiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ableitung der kognitiven Arbeitsbelastung über Elektroenzephalographie eine geeignete Methode ist, um den kognitiven Anspruch neuartiger Assistenzsysteme zu evaluieren. Anschließend verwenden wir Eye-Tracking, um Veränderungen in den Augenbewegungen und dem Durchmesser der Pupille unter verschiedenen Intensitäten kognitiver Arbeitslast zu bewerten. Das Anwenden von maschinellem Lernen führt zu zuverlässigen Echtzeit-Bewertungen kognitiver Arbeitsbelastung. Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Forschungsarbeiten stellen wir Anwendungen vor, welche die Kognition im häuslichen und beruflichen Umfeld unterstützen. Die physiologischen Messungen stellen fest, wann eine kognitive Augmentierung sich als günstig erweist. In einer Feldstudie setzen wir ein Assistenzsystem ein, um die erhobenen Designanforderungen zur Reduktion kognitiver Arbeitslast zu validieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitsbelastung durch den Einsatz von Assistenzsystemen reduziert wird. Im Anschluss untersuchen wir, wie kognitive Arbeitsbelastung visualisiert werden kann. Wir stellen eine Implementierung einer Biofeedback-Visualisierung vor, die das Nutzerverständnis zum Verlauf und zur Entstehung von kognitiver Arbeitslast unterstützt. Eine abschließende Studie zeigt, wie Messungen kognitiver Arbeitslast zur Vorhersage der aktuellen Leseeffizienz benutzt werden können. Wir schließen hierbei mit einer Reihe von Applikationen ab, welche sich kognitive Arbeitslast als Eingabe zunutze machen. Die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Design von Assistenzsystemen, welche die kognitive Arbeitslast der Nutzer implizit erfasst und diese bei der Durchführung alltäglicher Aufgaben unterstützt. Dabei werden physiologische Daten erfasst, um Rückschlüsse in Realzeit auf die derzeitige kognitive Arbeitsbelastung zu erlauben. Anschließend werden diese Daten analysiert, um dem Nutzer strategisch zu assistieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erweiterung neuartiger und bestehender kontextbewusster Benutzerschnittstellen um den Faktor kognitive Arbeitslast. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit arbeitslastbewusste Systeme und arbeitslastbewusste Benutzerschnittstellen als eine zusätzliche Dimension innerhalb des Paradigmas kontextbewusster Systeme präsentiert. Wir stellen acht Forschungsstudien vor, um die Designanforderungen und die Implementierung von kognitiv arbeitslastbewussten Systemen zu untersuchen. Schließlich stellen wir unsere Vision von zukünftigen kognitiven arbeitslastbewussten Systemen und Benutzerschnittstellen vor. Durch die knappe Verfügbarkeit öffentlich zugänglicher Datensätze, Referenzimplementierungen, und Methoden, waren Kontextbewusste Systeme in der Auswertung kognitiver Arbeitslast bezüglich der Nutzerinteraktion limitiert. Ergänzt durch die in dieser Arbeit gesammelten Datensätze erwarten wir, dass diese Arbeit den Weg für methodische und technische Werkzeuge ebnet, welche kognitive Arbeitslast als Faktor in das Kontextbewusstsein von Computersystemen integriert

What is the Pensee Sauvage and is it still alive in Modern society?

The culinary process has changed somewhat down through the ages but not to any great extent. The raw materials are still similar but innovation and creativity has been applied to them to give the finished product varying degrees of taste, texture, sensory and aesthetic pleasure. Fundamentally the tools which we use to interpret or rate our food are the very same apparatus which animals use to define theirs. The anthropology of sensory perception is essentially the same for animals and man in an evolutionary perspective (Pasquet, Simmen & Pagezy, 2000). It reflects the capacity of the animal or primitive human mind to differentiate or detect simple odours and aromas such as esters or aldehydes present in food. Given these physical constraints we are therefore limited in how far we can develop our dining pleasure as our receptive tools cannot be replaced. Scientific knowledge is now being applied to dining in the realms of Haute Cuisine by which pleasure can enhance dining appreciation through the use of complementary systems, parings and electronic devices. Humans also exercise discretion in what we do and do not eat from a practical, nutritional or survivalist perspective but for conventional reasons, every society has done so. Creativity and innovation represent an area of culture where we have developed a specifically human arena or process to reflect our apprehension of nature. This creativity has been consistently applied to our diet down through the ages; this application has been in a very cyclical fashion with trends becoming popular, disappearing and latter re-merging. Innovation in the gastronomic field has been a gradual process

Estimation of the QoE for video streaming services based on facial expressions and gaze direction

As the multimedia technologies evolve, the need to control their quality becomes even more important making the Quality of Experience (QoE) measurements a key priority. Machine Learning (ML) can support this task providing models to analyse the information extracted by the multimedia. It is possible to divide the ML models applications in the following categories: 1) QoE modelling: ML is used to define QoE models which provide an output (e.g., perceived QoE score) for any given input (e.g., QoE influence factor). 2) QoE monitoring in case of encrypted traffic: ML is used to analyze passive traffic monitored data to obtain insight into degradations perceived by end-users. 3) Big data analytics: ML is used for the extraction of meaningful and useful information from the collected data, which can further be converted to actionable knowledge and utilized in managing QoE. The QoE estimation quality task can be carried out by using two approaches: the objective approach and subjective one. As the two names highlight, they are referred to the pieces of information that the model analyses. The objective approach analyses the objective features extracted by the network connection and by the used media. As objective parameters, the state-of-the-art shows different approaches that use also the features extracted by human behaviour. The subjective approach instead, comes as a result of the rating approach, where the participants were asked to rate the perceived quality using different scales. This approach had the problem of being a time-consuming approach and for this reason not all the users agree to compile the questionnaire. Thus the direct evolution of this approach is the ML model adoption. A model can substitute the questionnaire and evaluate the QoE, depending on the data that analyses. By modelling the human response to the perceived quality on multimedia, QoE researchers found that the parameters extracted from the users could be different, like Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (ECG), waves of the brain. The main problem with these techniques is the hardware. In fact, the user must wear electrodes in case of ECG and EEG, and also if the obtained results from these methods are relevant, their usage in a real context could be not feasible. For this reason, my studies have been focused on the developing of a Machine Learning framework completely unobtrusively based on the Facial reactions

from Issue Investigation to Design Solutions

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2021.8. 윤명환.가전제품을 포함한 현대 기술은 사용자의 삶에 혜택을 제공하지만 제조업체와 설계자의 접근성 지원 부족으로 인해 장애인 및 고령 사용자는 그 혜택으로부터 소외되었다. 여러 신 기능의 개발 및 발전은 비장애인 사용자의 삶의 질을 풍요롭게 한 것과는 반대로 이러한 기능들은 복잡도가 상향되어 장애인 및 고령 사용자의 접근성과 독립적 사용을 저해하고 이내 사용자 경험을 저하시켰을 뿐이다. 이와 같이 접근성 지원이 필요한 상용자의 사용자 경험을 수집하는 것은 생각보다 번거로운 일이다. 대상 사용자들은 민감한 개인정보상의 이유로 사용자 경험 제공을 꺼릴 수도 있고, 인터뷰나 설문조사를 수행하기에 적합한 조건이 아닐 수도 있으며, 더 나아가 소통에 어려움이 있을 수도 있다. 이와 같은 문제는 제조업체나 설계자와 같은 이해당사자와 대상 사용자 간에 장벽을 만들고, 이러한 장벽은 사용자들이 일상 제품을 사용하며 겪게 되는 문제를 온전히 이해하고 정의하는 것을 어렵게 만들어 공감의 형성이 불가능해진다. 이해당사자들은 장애가 있다는 것, 고령이 된다는 것을 경험해 보지 못 했기 때문에 그들의 사용자 경험을 잘못 해석할 수 있고, 이러한 공감의 부족은 장애인 및 고령 사용자에 대한 편견과 오해로 이어진다. 결국, 접근 가능한 제품 개발을 목표로 하는 제조사나 설계자가 이들의 불편사항 및 요구를 인지한다 해도 대상 사용자의 이러한 문제를 해결하기는 어렵거나 심지어 불가능하기도 하다. 이러한 문제로, 본 연구의 3장에서는 인터뷰와 관찰 데이터를 기반으로 가전제품 사용 맥락에 따른 네 가지 사용자 유형에 대한 여덟 종류의 퍼소나를 개발하였다. 시각장애(전맹, 저시력), 청각장애(농아, 인공 와우), 척수장애(주먹 쥔 손, 펴진 손), 고령자(할머니, 할아버지) 퍼소나는 각각 퍼소나 카드의 시나리오와 같은 형식으로 접근성 이슈를 제공하여 실 사용자와 면대면으로 만나기 어려운 이해당사자로 하여금 대상 사용자의 접근성 이슈를 파악하고 공감할 수 있도록 하는 것을 목표로 한다. 또한, 이해당사자들은 사용자 인터랙션 관점에서 장애인 및 고령 사용자의 다른 행태를 파악하고 이해할 도구가 필요하다. 본 연구의 4장에서는 위계적 작업분석(Hierarchical Task Analysis; HTA)을 수행하여 가전제품 사용 시 시간 순서에 따른 일반적 작업 구조를 제시하여 사용자의 작업 행태를 시각화 하였다. 이 구조와 함께 서블릭(Therblig)을 통해 사용자의 작업을 미시적으로 표현하였다. 서블릭은 가전제품 맥락에 맞도록 재정의하고 사용자군 별로 문제가 있는 서블릭이 파악된 경우 동작경제 원칙에 의한 설계 가이드에 따라 개선안을 제시하도록 하였다. 동작경제원칙은 사용자의 작업측면에서의 문제점과 설계측면에서의 해결안을 연관 지어 해석하는 짐을 덜어주는 역할을 해, 제안하는 접근성 도구는 접근성 평가 도구로서 큰 가치를 가진다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 5장에서는 기존 표준과 가이드라인을 수집해 설계 가이드라인을 개발하였다. 기존 표준 및 가이드라인은 여러 수치를 제공하고는 있지만 장애인 및 고령 사용자의 사용 맥락을 충분히 반영하지 못 하고 사용자의 신체 능력, 환경, 제품의 형태에 따라 적용이 어려워 실제적 활용도가 낮은 문제가 있다. 또한 접근성과 인간공학적 전문성이 부족할수록 실 적용이 어려워져 이러한 문서의 가치는 더욱 낮아질 수밖에 없다. 이에 장애인과 고령자의 사용 맥락을 반영해 가이드라인을 재정립하고 이를 기반으로 총 일곱가지의 프로토타입을 개발하였다. 총 14명의 참가자가 프로토타입을 평가하여 대상 가전제품의 접근성 향상 여부를 평가하였다. 대부분의 프로토타입은 성공적으로 접근성에 향상을 보여 설계 가이드라인의 유효성 또한 반증하였다. 또한, 본 논문에서 사용된 절차를 따라 접근성 보장 제품 설계 시 각 가이드라인의 수치를 어떤 식으로 설계에 적용하는지를 참고할 수도 있다. 본 논문의 의의는 다음과 같다. 첫 째, 본 논문은 시각장애, 청각장애, 척수장애인을 대상으로 사용자 조사를 진행하고 이를 기반으로 사용자들의 접근성 이슈를 퍼소나 형식으로 구체화하여 이해당사자가 대상 사용자와 보다 쉽게 공감할 수 있도록 하였다. 둘째, 본 논문은 접근성 연구분야에서 부족한 접근성 평가 도구를 제안하여 접근성 연구의 연구장벽을 낮추는데 기여하였다. 마지막으로 실제 접근성 향상 제품을 개발을 위한 가이드라인과 이를 기반으로 제작된 프로토타입을 실제 사용자들이 평가하도록 해 가이드라인의 실효성을 검증하였다. 전반적으로, 본 연구는 접근성 문제의 장벽을 돌파하기 위해 전반적인 제품 개발 프로세스를 적용하였으며 유니버설 디자인 관점에서 접근성 문제 해결을 위한 일련의 새로운 접근 방식으로 제안하여 사용자가 본인의 장애나 연령과 상관없이 제품 – 특히 가전제품 – 을 자유롭고 안전하게 사용하도록 하였다.Modern-day technologies - including home appliances - deliver benefits to our lives yet the lack of accessibility supports from the manufacturers and designers have forsaken a considerable number of elderly and disabled people. Unlike how the development and advancement with a variety of new functions and features enriched the quality of life for non-disabled users, it only degraded the user experience for the elderlies and disabled users since such functions and features come along with the increased complexity, which hinders not only the accessible use but also the independent use of a disabled or elderly user. Collecting user experience from the users in need of accessibility support is much more troublesome than one might think. The users may be reluctant to provide their user experience for sensitive privacy reasons, may not be in the appropriate physical conditions for interviews or surveys, or even have communication problems. Such barriers between the stakeholder and the target users do not allow the stakeholders to fully understand and define the problems these users confront every day; simply, impossible to build empathy. The lack of empathy breeds misconceptions on the elderly and disabled users, created by misinterpretation of the users’ experiences since the stakeholders have never experienced what it is like to be a disabled or elderly user. Even if manufacturers and designers who oversee developing accessible products recognize the needs and frustrations of the disabled population, it is challenging or even inaccessible for them to address these issues of their target customers. In Chapter 3, based on the interview and observation data, this study developed eight personas for four different types of disabled users under the context of home appliance usage: visually impaired (blind and low-vision), hearing impaired (deaf and cochlear implemented), spinal cord injured (opened palm and closed fist), and elderly (grandma and grandpa). Each persona provides their accessibility issues through a persona card and scenario-like explanation. Personas created in this study will help manufacturers and designers empathize with their users although they did not meet the real users face-to-face. Moreover, stakeholders need a tool to investigate how their users in need of accessibility support behave differently from non-disabled users, which provides a deeper understanding of the users’ perspectives in terms of “interaction.” In Chapter 4, this study conducted Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) and created general task structures of home appliances based on their product compartment and chronological usage phase. This task structure visualizes the user behavior. Combined with the task structure, therbligs expressed the user task on a micro-scale. Therbligs were redefined to fit the home appliance context and, if found problematic, there was the principle of motion economy to provide design guidance to solve the problems of corresponding therbligs. Moreover, the principle of motion economy is valuable because it reduces the burden of a researcher to convert a task-oriented problem found in terms of user behavior into a design-oriented solution. Lastly, in Chapter 5, a design guideline is developed by collecting existing standards and guidelines. Existing standards and documents related to accessibility lack a detailed explanation of real-world application, although the documentations provide various numerical values related to designs. The numbers are not directly implementable since the context-of-use of elderly or disabled users may vary by their capability, environment, and basically by the form factor of the products they use. Lower the expertise in ergonomics and accessibility less valuable the standards and guidelines will be to implement in a product design. With the design guideline developed and ideas collected from an ideation workshop, a total of seven prototypes were built. A total of 14 participants evaluated the prototype whether it enhanced the accessibility of target home appliances or not. As a result, most prototypes successfully improved the accessibility and approved the validity of design guidelines. This procedure as a case study will provide how to implement the principles and dimensional values found in the existing standards and guidelines when developing an accessible product. Overall, this study applied a whole product development cycle to breakthrough the barriers of accessibility problems and proposes it as a set of novel approaches for accessibility issues resolution based on the perspectives of universal design so that a user can freely and safely use their products – especially home appliances – regardless of their disability or age.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Accessibility Barriers 1 1.1.1 Barriers for Users 1 1.1.2 Barriers for Stakeholders 3 1.2 Research Objectives and Study Outline 12 Chapter 2 Background 15 2.1 Target Users and Products 15 2.1.1 Target Users 15 2.1.2 Target Home Appliances and Compartments 19 2.2 Definition of Accessibility 29 2.3 Design Approach 33 2.3.1 Accessible and Universal Design 33 Chapter 3 Persona to Investigate the Accessibility Issues of Disabled and Elderly Users Under the Context of Home Appliances Usage 35 3.1 Overview 35 3.2 Methods 38 3.2.1 User Data Collection 38 3.2.2 Data Analysis for Personas 42 3.2.3 Persona Creation for Identifying Accessibility Issue 45 3.3 Persona Development 48 3.3.1 User Behaviors and Characteristics 48 3.3.2 Created Personas 53 3.4 Results and Discussion 59 3.4.1 Behaviors and Characteristics of Personas 60 3.4.2 Accessibility Issues from Personas 67 3.5 Probable Applications and Future Studies 77 Chapter 4 TAT: Therbligs as Accessibility Tool 82 4.1 Overview 82 4.1.1 Task Analysis 84 4.1.2 Therbligs and Motion Studies 86 4.1.3 Redefining Therbligs 89 4.1.4 Changes in the Principles of Motion Economy 95 4.2 Methods 102 4.2.1 Therblig-based Task Analysis 103 4.2.2 Task Evaluation 107 4.3 Results 109 4.3.1 General Task Structures 109 4.3.2 Accessibility Evaluation Results 116 4.4 Discussions 122 4.4.1 Problematic Therbligs and Related Principles of Motion Economy for Improvements 125 4.4.2 The Final Set of Therbligs for Accessibility Evaluation 133 4.4.3 New Task Design for Disabled and Elderly Users 139 4.5 Conclusion 142 Chapter 5 Accessible Home Appliance Designs : Prototyping and Design Guidelines 145 5.1 Overview 145 5.2 Ideation for accessible home appliances 148 5.2.1 Ideation Workshop 148 5.2.2 Ideation Result 153 5.3 Development of Design Guidelines and Prototypes 156 5.3.1 Design Guideline Principles 161 5.3.2 Prototyping 173 5.4 Experiment for validation 186 5.4.1 Evaluation Results 188 5.5 Discussion 197 5.6 Conclusion 201 Chapter 6 Conclusion 203 Bibliography 206 국문 초록 222 감사의 글 225 Acknowledgment 226 APPENDICES 227박