Um panorama da literatura brasileira de Ciência da Informação sobre desordem informacional

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama do que está sendo produzido na literatura brasileira de Ciência da Informação sobre a temática da desordem informacional. Para tal, conceitua desordem informacional como termo guarda-chuva, que inclui diversos conceitos. Apresenta, do inglês, três classificações distintas, com base no modelo de Wardle e Derakhshan: disinformation, misinformation e malinformation. Traça o histórico da desinformação, antes e depois do advento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Contextualiza dentro da desordem informacional os conceitos de pós-verdade, negacionismo e infodemia. De teor qualitativo e exploratório, realiza o levantamento de artigos da Base de Dados Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (Brapci) contendo os termos abrangidos pela desordem informacional, totalizando 252 documentos, situados entre o ano de 2000 e 2022. Expõe os conceitos encontrados no levantamento e apresenta um panorama com base na literatura investigada. Entre os termos recuperados, o mais prevalente foi “desinformação” (183), única palavra em português com equivalente dentro do modelo apresentado. O segundo mais representado no conjunto foi fake news (136). Disinformation (74) e misinformation (69) são utilizados como traduções de forma intercambiável, visto que o vocabulário do português ainda não possui adaptações para as terminologias mais aprofundadas do tema. Entretanto, já são encontrados diversos neologismos para descrever o fenômeno. O termo “infodemia” (39) parece estar sendo utilizado na Ciência da Informação de maneira semelhante ao nosso uso de “desordem informacional” neste trabalho, ou seja, com a intenção de tratar o assunto com mais pluralidade e nuance. “Pós-verdade” (53) está relacionada com o fenômeno, mas não de forma inseparável. Contrariando expectativas, “negacionismo” (12) foi pouco retratado na literatura brasileira da Ciência da Informação. Por fim, “desordem informacional” (2) ainda é insuficientemente discutido, mas oferece ótimas possibilidades para análises futuras.This study presents an overview of what is being studied in Brazilian literature, in the field of Information Science, about information disorder. To that end, defines information disorder as an umbrella term that includes several different concepts. Through Wardle and Derakhshan’s framework, the phenomenon is divided into three categories: disinformation, misinformation and malinformation. Covers the history of information disorder, before and after the advent of communication technology. Contextualizes the concepts of post-truth, denialism and infodemic within information disorder. Based on qualitative and exploratory methodology, collects documents containing the outlined words from Brapci, an Information Science literature database focused on Brazilian scientific journals. In total, 252 documents were retrieved, dating from years 2000 to 2022. Through the concepts addressed in the collected documents, presents an overview based on the investigated literature. Among the recovered search terms, the most prevalent was “desinformação” (183), the only word from the aforementioned framework with a Portuguese equivalent. The second most featured was “fake news” (136). “Disinformation” (74) and “misinformation” (69) were used in translation contexts interchangeably, since they do not have different equivalent forms in Portuguese to derive from. However, a couple of new words have been coined by various authors in attempts to better describe the phenomenon. The term “infodemic” (39) seems to be used within Information Science in a similar vein as we have used “information disorder” in this study, with the intention of broadening the scope of research being made. “Post-truth” (53) is related to the phenomenon, but not inseparably so. Surprisingly, “negacionismo” (12) was barely referenced in Brazilian Information Science literature. Finally, “desordem informacional” (2) is still insufficiently discussed, but offers great possibilities for future analyses

Living ontologies: collaborative knowledge structuring on the Internet

This thesis discusses the issues involving the support of Living Ontologies: collaborating in the construction and maintenance of ontologies using the Internet. Ontologies define the concepts used in describing a domain: they are used by knowledge engineers as reusable components of knowledge-based systems. Knowledge engineers create ontologies by eliciting information from domain experts. However, experts often have different conceptualisations of a domain and knowledge engineers often have different ways of formalising their conceptualisations. Taking a constructivist perspective, constructing ontologies from multiple conflicting conceptualisations can be seen as a design activity, in which knowledge engineers make choices according to the context in which the representation will be used. Based on this theory, a methodology for collaboratively constructing ontologies might involve comparing differing conceptualisations and using these comparisons to initiate discussion, changes to the conceptualisations and the development of criteria against which they can be evaluated. APECKS (Adaptive Presentation Environment for Collaborative Knowledge Structuring) is designed to support this methodology. APECKS aims not only to support the collaborative construction of ontologies but also to use ontologies to present information to its users adaptively within a virtual environment. It demonstrates a number of innovations over conventional ontology servers, such as prompted knowledge elicitation from domain experts, automated comparisons between ontologies, the creation of design rationales and change tracking. A small evaluation of APECKS has shown that it is usable by domain experts and that automated comparisons between ontologies can be used to initiate alterations, investigations of others' conceptualisations and as a basis for discussion. Possible future development of APECKS includes tighter integration with a virtual environment and with other networked knowledge-based tools. Further research is also needed to develop the methodology on which APECKS is based, by investigating ways of comparing, combining and discussing ontologies

Living ontologies: collaborative knowledge structuring on the Internet

This thesis discusses the issues involving the support of Living Ontologies: collaborating in the construction and maintenance of ontologies using the Internet. Ontologies define the concepts used in describing a domain: they are used by knowledge engineers as reusable components of knowledge-based systems. Knowledge engineers create ontologies by eliciting information from domain experts. However, experts often have different conceptualisations of a domain and knowledge engineers often have different ways of formalising their conceptualisations. Taking a constructivist perspective, constructing ontologies from multiple conflicting conceptualisations can be seen as a design activity, in which knowledge engineers make choices according to the context in which the representation will be used. Based on this theory, a methodology for collaboratively constructing ontologies might involve comparing differing conceptualisations and using these comparisons to initiate discussion, changes to the conceptualisations and the development of criteria against which they can be evaluated. APECKS (Adaptive Presentation Environment for Collaborative Knowledge Structuring) is designed to support this methodology. APECKS aims not only to support the collaborative construction of ontologies but also to use ontologies to present information to its users adaptively within a virtual environment. It demonstrates a number of innovations over conventional ontology servers, such as prompted knowledge elicitation from domain experts, automated comparisons between ontologies, the creation of design rationales and change tracking. A small evaluation of APECKS has shown that it is usable by domain experts and that automated comparisons between ontologies can be used to initiate alterations, investigations of others' conceptualisations and as a basis for discussion. Possible future development of APECKS includes tighter integration with a virtual environment and with other networked knowledge-based tools. Further research is also needed to develop the methodology on which APECKS is based, by investigating ways of comparing, combining and discussing ontologies

Theology & technology: An Exploration of their relationship with special reference to the work of Albert Borgmann and intelligent transportation systems

This thesis summarizes a large body of literature concerning the sociology, рhilosophy, and history of technology and the specific set of technologies concerned with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers technologies of various kinds within the Old and New Testaments and how technology has been understood and occasionally discussed by contemporary theologians. Intelligent Transportation Systems are a very prominent area of modem technologies that will shape the future of society in profound ways. The overall field of ITS is described and then a specific case study concerning a set of automated highway systems applications within three states and two large national parks within the United States is presented. The case study then provides a backdrop to explore specific ways in which theology might engage in a conversation with intelligent transportation systems specifically and technology more generally. Since theologians have written relatively little about technology, we draw upon the work of a leading philosopher of technology who is informed by his Christian commitments, Albert Borgmaim. The extensive philosophy of Bergmann about technology and the character of contemporary life is described. Various considerations about how to create, foster, and maintain a sustained dialogue between disparate intellectual traditions and disciplines are suggested. This includes attention to goals for dialogue, respective strengths that various parties bring to the conversation, and the willingness to hear and learn from the other. A framework to categorize interactions between theology and technology is introduced. Borgmann's ideas, coupled with those of other theologians and philosophers are then applied to the case study. The worth of this approach is then assessed in light of what theologians might contribute to discussion and decision-making about technological systems and devices facing toward the future. Consideration is also given to what technology might contribute to the theological enterprise. The investigation demonstrates the importance of such dialogues and the viability of initiating them