21,265 research outputs found

    Remote Sensing for Medical and Health Care Applications

    Get PDF

    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 183

    Get PDF
    This bibliography lists 273 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1978

    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 339)

    Get PDF
    This bibliography lists 105 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System during July 1990. Subject coverage includes: aerospace medicine and psychology, life support systems and controlled environments, safety equipment, exobiology and extraterrestrial life, and flight crew behavior and performance

    Grasp-sensitive surfaces

    Get PDF
    Grasping objects with our hands allows us to skillfully move and manipulate them. Hand-held tools further extend our capabilities by adapting precision, power, and shape of our hands to the task at hand. Some of these tools, such as mobile phones or computer mice, already incorporate information processing capabilities. Many other tools may be augmented with small, energy-efficient digital sensors and processors. This allows for graspable objects to learn about the user grasping them - and supporting the user's goals. For example, the way we grasp a mobile phone might indicate whether we want to take a photo or call a friend with it - and thus serve as a shortcut to that action. A power drill might sense whether the user is grasping it firmly enough and refuse to turn on if this is not the case. And a computer mouse could distinguish between intentional and unintentional movement and ignore the latter. This dissertation gives an overview of grasp sensing for human-computer interaction, focusing on technologies for building grasp-sensitive surfaces and challenges in designing grasp-sensitive user interfaces. It comprises three major contributions: a comprehensive review of existing research on human grasping and grasp sensing, a detailed description of three novel prototyping tools for grasp-sensitive surfaces, and a framework for analyzing and designing grasp interaction: For nearly a century, scientists have analyzed human grasping. My literature review gives an overview of definitions, classifications, and models of human grasping. A small number of studies have investigated grasping in everyday situations. They found a much greater diversity of grasps than described by existing taxonomies. This diversity makes it difficult to directly associate certain grasps with users' goals. In order to structure related work and own research, I formalize a generic workflow for grasp sensing. It comprises *capturing* of sensor values, *identifying* the associated grasp, and *interpreting* the meaning of the grasp. A comprehensive overview of related work shows that implementation of grasp-sensitive surfaces is still hard, researchers often are not aware of related work from other disciplines, and intuitive grasp interaction has not yet received much attention. In order to address the first issue, I developed three novel sensor technologies designed for grasp-sensitive surfaces. These mitigate one or more limitations of traditional sensing techniques: **HandSense** uses four strategically positioned capacitive sensors for detecting and classifying grasp patterns on mobile phones. The use of custom-built high-resolution sensors allows detecting proximity and avoids the need to cover the whole device surface with sensors. User tests showed a recognition rate of 81%, comparable to that of a system with 72 binary sensors. **FlyEye** uses optical fiber bundles connected to a camera for detecting touch and proximity on arbitrarily shaped surfaces. It allows rapid prototyping of touch- and grasp-sensitive objects and requires only very limited electronics knowledge. For FlyEye I developed a *relative calibration* algorithm that allows determining the locations of groups of sensors whose arrangement is not known. **TDRtouch** extends Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), a technique traditionally used for inspecting cable faults, for touch and grasp sensing. TDRtouch is able to locate touches along a wire, allowing designers to rapidly prototype and implement modular, extremely thin, and flexible grasp-sensitive surfaces. I summarize how these technologies cater to different requirements and significantly expand the design space for grasp-sensitive objects. Furthermore, I discuss challenges for making sense of raw grasp information and categorize interactions. Traditional application scenarios for grasp sensing use only the grasp sensor's data, and only for mode-switching. I argue that data from grasp sensors is part of the general usage context and should be only used in combination with other context information. For analyzing and discussing the possible meanings of grasp types, I created the GRASP model. It describes five categories of influencing factors that determine how we grasp an object: *Goal* -- what we want to do with the object, *Relationship* -- what we know and feel about the object we want to grasp, *Anatomy* -- hand shape and learned movement patterns, *Setting* -- surrounding and environmental conditions, and *Properties* -- texture, shape, weight, and other intrinsics of the object I conclude the dissertation with a discussion of upcoming challenges in grasp sensing and grasp interaction, and provide suggestions for implementing robust and usable grasp interaction.Die FĂ€higkeit, GegenstĂ€nde mit unseren HĂ€nden zu greifen, erlaubt uns, diese vielfĂ€ltig zu manipulieren. Werkzeuge erweitern unsere FĂ€higkeiten noch, indem sie Genauigkeit, Kraft und Form unserer HĂ€nde an die Aufgabe anpassen. Digitale Werkzeuge, beispielsweise Mobiltelefone oder ComputermĂ€use, erlauben uns auch, die FĂ€higkeiten unseres Gehirns und unserer Sinnesorgane zu erweitern. Diese GerĂ€te verfĂŒgen bereits ĂŒber Sensoren und Recheneinheiten. Aber auch viele andere Werkzeuge und Objekte lassen sich mit winzigen, effizienten Sensoren und Recheneinheiten erweitern. Dies erlaubt greifbaren Objekten, mehr ĂŒber den Benutzer zu erfahren, der sie greift - und ermöglicht es, ihn bei der Erreichung seines Ziels zu unterstĂŒtzen. Zum Beispiel könnte die Art und Weise, in der wir ein Mobiltelefon halten, verraten, ob wir ein Foto aufnehmen oder einen Freund anrufen wollen - und damit als Shortcut fĂŒr diese Aktionen dienen. Eine Bohrmaschine könnte erkennen, ob der Benutzer sie auch wirklich sicher hĂ€lt und den Dienst verweigern, falls dem nicht so ist. Und eine Computermaus könnte zwischen absichtlichen und unabsichtlichen Mausbewegungen unterscheiden und letztere ignorieren. Diese Dissertation gibt einen Überblick ĂŒber Grifferkennung (*grasp sensing*) fĂŒr die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion, mit einem Fokus auf Technologien zur Implementierung griffempfindlicher OberflĂ€chen und auf Herausforderungen beim Design griffempfindlicher Benutzerschnittstellen. Sie umfasst drei primĂ€re BeitrĂ€ge zum wissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand: einen umfassenden Überblick ĂŒber die bisherige Forschung zu menschlichem Greifen und Grifferkennung, eine detaillierte Beschreibung dreier neuer Prototyping-Werkzeuge fĂŒr griffempfindliche OberflĂ€chen und ein Framework fĂŒr Analyse und Design von griff-basierter Interaktion (*grasp interaction*). Seit nahezu einem Jahrhundert erforschen Wissenschaftler menschliches Greifen. Mein Überblick ĂŒber den Forschungsstand beschreibt Definitionen, Klassifikationen und Modelle menschlichen Greifens. In einigen wenigen Studien wurde bisher Greifen in alltĂ€glichen Situationen untersucht. Diese fanden eine deutlich grĂ¶ĂŸere DiversitĂ€t in den Griffmuster als in existierenden Taxonomien beschreibbar. Diese DiversitĂ€t erschwert es, bestimmten Griffmustern eine Absicht des Benutzers zuzuordnen. Um verwandte Arbeiten und eigene Forschungsergebnisse zu strukturieren, formalisiere ich einen allgemeinen Ablauf der Grifferkennung. Dieser besteht aus dem *Erfassen* von Sensorwerten, der *Identifizierung* der damit verknĂŒpften Griffe und der *Interpretation* der Bedeutung des Griffes. In einem umfassenden Überblick ĂŒber verwandte Arbeiten zeige ich, dass die Implementierung von griffempfindlichen OberflĂ€chen immer noch ein herausforderndes Problem ist, dass Forscher regelmĂ€ĂŸig keine Ahnung von verwandten Arbeiten in benachbarten Forschungsfeldern haben, und dass intuitive Griffinteraktion bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhalten hat. Um das erstgenannte Problem zu lösen, habe ich drei neuartige Sensortechniken fĂŒr griffempfindliche OberflĂ€chen entwickelt. Diese mindern jeweils eine oder mehrere SchwĂ€chen traditioneller Sensortechniken: **HandSense** verwendet vier strategisch positionierte kapazitive Sensoren um Griffmuster zu erkennen. Durch die Verwendung von selbst entwickelten, hochauflösenden Sensoren ist es möglich, schon die AnnĂ€herung an das Objekt zu erkennen. Außerdem muss nicht die komplette OberflĂ€che des Objekts mit Sensoren bedeckt werden. Benutzertests ergaben eine Erkennungsrate, die vergleichbar mit einem System mit 72 binĂ€ren Sensoren ist. **FlyEye** verwendet LichtwellenleiterbĂŒndel, die an eine Kamera angeschlossen werden, um AnnĂ€herung und BerĂŒhrung auf beliebig geformten OberflĂ€chen zu erkennen. Es ermöglicht auch Designern mit begrenzter Elektronikerfahrung das Rapid Prototyping von berĂŒhrungs- und griffempfindlichen Objekten. FĂŒr FlyEye entwickelte ich einen *relative-calibration*-Algorithmus, der verwendet werden kann um Gruppen von Sensoren, deren Anordnung unbekannt ist, semi-automatisch anzuordnen. **TDRtouch** erweitert Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), eine Technik die ĂŒblicherweise zur Analyse von KabelbeschĂ€digungen eingesetzt wird. TDRtouch erlaubt es, BerĂŒhrungen entlang eines Drahtes zu lokalisieren. Dies ermöglicht es, schnell modulare, extrem dĂŒnne und flexible griffempfindliche OberflĂ€chen zu entwickeln. Ich beschreibe, wie diese Techniken verschiedene Anforderungen erfĂŒllen und den *design space* fĂŒr griffempfindliche Objekte deutlich erweitern. Desweiteren bespreche ich die Herausforderungen beim Verstehen von Griffinformationen und stelle eine Einteilung von Interaktionsmöglichkeiten vor. Bisherige Anwendungsbeispiele fĂŒr die Grifferkennung nutzen nur Daten der Griffsensoren und beschrĂ€nken sich auf Moduswechsel. Ich argumentiere, dass diese Sensordaten Teil des allgemeinen Benutzungskontexts sind und nur in Kombination mit anderer Kontextinformation verwendet werden sollten. Um die möglichen Bedeutungen von Griffarten analysieren und diskutieren zu können, entwickelte ich das GRASP-Modell. Dieses beschreibt fĂŒnf Kategorien von Einflussfaktoren, die bestimmen wie wir ein Objekt greifen: *Goal* -- das Ziel, das wir mit dem Griff erreichen wollen, *Relationship* -- das VerhĂ€ltnis zum Objekt, *Anatomy* -- Handform und Bewegungsmuster, *Setting* -- Umgebungsfaktoren und *Properties* -- Eigenschaften des Objekts, wie OberflĂ€chenbeschaffenheit, Form oder Gewicht. Ich schließe mit einer Besprechung neuer Herausforderungen bei der Grifferkennung und Griffinteraktion und mache VorschlĂ€ge zur Entwicklung von zuverlĂ€ssiger und benutzbarer Griffinteraktion

    FBG-based sensing system to improve tactile sensitivity of robotic manipulators working in unstructured environments

    Get PDF
    The emergence of Industry 4.0 has brought new concepts to the factories that optimize and improve conventional processes. These technologies have brought assignments to the industrial robots that allow them to perform tasks faster and more precisely. The improvement of the robot’s proprioception capacity and tactile sensitivity using sensors is a useful approach to achieve those goals. Optical fibers are a viable technology to be used as sensors in robotic devices because they are electrically passive and present electromagnetic immunity. This paper proposes a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based sensing system to monitor robotic manipulators during their operation. It corresponds to smart textiles installed on the robot’s body to detect interactions with the environment. A mathematical model is proposed to find what should be the greatest distance between adjacent FBGs to detect contact at any point between them. From this, it is possible to obtain a minimum number of sensors to detect contact at any point and guarantee the highest spatial resolution of the system with lower costs. The tactile system is formed of a group of optical fibers with multiplexed FBGs embedded in silicone rubber. The optical fibers with the sensors are positioned between layers of polyethylene foam and cotton fabric. After the manufacturing process, temperature and force characterization were done on the sensors which make up the smart textiles. In the characterization results, almost all the FBG presented values of RÂČ on the linear regression superior to 0.94. Individual analysis is performed for the sensors which present a low coefficient of determination. Finally, the system was tested in an experimental validation in which the robot was hit while executing a task. From the results, it can be observed that the system can provide the position on the robot’s body, the amplitude in terms of force and the instant of time in which an external impact occurred.publishe

    Novel Designs for Application Specific MEMS Pressure Sensors

    Get PDF
    In the framework of developing innovative microfabricated pressure sensors, we present here three designs based on different readout principles, each one tailored for a specific application. A touch mode capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity (14 pF/bar), low temperature dependence and high capacitive output signal (more than 100 pF) is depicted. An optical pressure sensor intrinsically immune to electromagnetic interference, with large pressure range (0–350 bar) and a sensitivity of 1 pm/bar is presented. Finally, a resonating wireless pressure sensor power source free with a sensitivity of 650 KHz/mmHg is described. These sensors will be related with their applications in  harsh environment, distributed systems and medical environment, respectively. For many aspects, commercially available sensors, which in vast majority are piezoresistive, are not suited for the applications proposed

    Man to Machine, Applications in Electromyography

    Get PDF

    User-interactive wirelessly-communicating “smart” textiles made from multimaterial fibers

    Get PDF
    En raison de la nature intime des interactions homme-textiles (essentiellement, nous sommes entourĂ©s par les textiles 24/7 - soit sous la forme de vĂȘtements que nous portons ou comme rembourrage dans nos voitures, maisons, bureaux, etc.), les textiles intelligents sont devenus des plates-formes de plus en plus attrayantes pour les rĂ©seaux de capteurs innovants biomĂ©dicaux, transducteurs, et des microprocesseurs dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  la surveillance continue de la santĂ©. En mĂȘme temps, l'approche commune dans le domaine des textiles intelligents consiste en l'adaptation de la microĂ©lectronique planaire classique Ă  une sorte de substrat souple. Cela se traduit souvent par de mauvaises propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et donc des compromis au niveau du confort et de l'acceptation des usagers, qui Ă  leur tour peuvent probablement expliquer pourquoi ces solutions Ă©mergent rarement du laboratoire et, Ă  l'exception de certains cas trĂšs spĂ©cifiques, ne soit pas utilisĂ©s dans la vie de tous les jours. Par ailleurs, nous assistons prĂ©sentement Ă  un changement de paradigme au niveau de l'informatique autonome classique vers le concept de calculs distribuĂ©s (ou informatique en nuage). Dans ce cas, la puissance de calcul du nƓud individuel ou d'un dispositif de textile intelligent est moins importante que la capacitĂ© de transmettre des donnĂ©es Ă  l'Internet. Dans ce travail, je propose une nouvelle approche basĂ©e sur l'intĂ©gration de polymĂšre, verre et mĂ©tal dans des structures de fibres miniaturisĂ©es afin de rĂ©aliser des dispositifs de textiles intelligents de prochaine gĂ©nĂ©ration avec des fonctionnalitĂ©s de niveau supĂ©rieur (comme la communication sans fil, la reconnaissance tactile, les interconnexions Ă©lectriques) tout en ayant une forme minimalement envahissante. Tout d'abord, j'Ă©tudie diffĂ©rents modĂšles d'antennes compatibles avec la gĂ©omĂ©trie des fibres et des techniques de fabrication. Ensuite, je dĂ©montre expĂ©rimentalement que ces antennes en fibres multi-matĂ©riaux peuvent ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es dans les textiles lors d’un processus standard de fabrication de textiles. Les tests effectuĂ©s sur ces textiles ont montrĂ© que, pour les scĂ©narios «sur-corps et hors-corps», les propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©missives en termes de perte de retour (S11), le patron (diagramme) de radiation, l'efficacitĂ© (gain), et le taux d'erreur binaire (TEB) sont directement comparables Ă  des solutions classiques rigides. Ces antennes sont adĂ©quates pour les communications Ă  courte portĂ©e des applications de communications sans fil ayant un dĂ©bit de donnĂ©es de Mo/s (mĂ©ga-octets par seconde) (via protocoles Bluetooth et IEEE 802.15.4 Ă  la frĂ©quence de 2,4 GHz). Des simulations numĂ©riques de taux d'absorption spĂ©cifique dĂ©montrent Ă©galement le plein respect des rĂšgles de sĂ©curitĂ© imposĂ©es par Industrie Canada pour les rĂ©seaux sans fil Ă  proximitĂ© du corps humain. Puisque les matĂ©riaux composites de fibres mĂ©tal-verre-polymĂšre sont fabriquĂ©s en utilisant des fibres de silice creuses de diamĂštre submillimĂ©trique et la technique de dĂ©pĂŽt d'argent Ă  l'Ă©tat liquide, les Ă©lĂ©ments conducteurs sont protĂ©gĂ©s de l'environnement et ceci prĂ©serve aussi les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques et esthĂ©tiques des vĂȘtements. Cet aspect est confirmĂ© par des essais correspondant aux normes de l'industrie du textile, l'Ă©tirement standard et des essais de flexion. De plus, appliquer des revĂȘtements superhydrophobes (WCA = 152Âș, SA = 6Âș) permet une communication sans fil sans interruption de ces textiles sous l'application directe de l'eau, mĂȘme aprĂšs plusieurs cycles de lavage. Enfin, le prototype de textile intelligent fabriquĂ© interagit avec l'utilisateur Ă  travers un dĂ©tecteur tactile et transmet les donnĂ©es tactiles Ă  travers le protocole Bluetooth Ă  un smartphone. Cette dĂ©monstration valide l’approche des fibres multi-matĂ©riaux pour une variĂ©tĂ© d'applications.As we are surrounded by textiles 24/7, either in the form of garments that we wear or as upholstery in our cars, homes, offices, etc., textiles are especially attractive platforms for arrays of innovative biomedical sensors, transducers, and microprocessors dedicated, among other applications, to continuous health monitoring. In the same time, the common approach in the field of smart textiles consists in adaptation of conventional planar microelectronics to some kind of flexible substrate, which often results in poor mechanical properties and thus compromises wearing comfort and complicates garment care, which results in low user acceptance. This explains why such solutions rarely emerge from the lab and, with the exception of some very specific cases, cannot be seen in the everyday life. Furthermore, we are currently witnessing a global shift from classical standalone computing to the concept of distributed computation (e.g. so-called thin clients and cloud storage). In this context, the computation power of the individual node or smart textile device in this case, becomes progressively less important than the ability to relay data to the Internet. In this work, I propose a novel approach based on the idea of integration of polymer, glass and metal into miniaturized fiber structures in order to achieve next-generation smart textile devices with higher-level functionalities, such as wireless communication, touch recognition, electrical interconnects, with minimally-invasive attributes. First, I investigate different possible fiber-shaped antenna designs and fabrication techniques. Next, I experimentally demonstrate that such multi-material fiber antennas can be integrated into textiles during standard textile manufacturing process. Tests conducted on these textiles have shown that, for on-body and off-body scenarios, the emissive properties in terms of return loss (S11), radiation pattern, efficiency (gain), and bit-error rate (BER) are directly comparable to classic ‘rigid’ solutions and adequately address short-range wireless communications applications at Mbps data-rates (via Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4 protocols at 2.4 GHz frequency). Numerical simulations of the specific absorption rate (SAR) also demonstrate full compliance with safety regulations imposed by Industry Canada for wireless body area network devices. Since metal-glass-polymer fiber composites were fabricated using sub-millimetre hollow-core silica fibers and liquid state silver deposition technique, the conductor elements are shielded against the environment and preserve the mechanical and cosmetic properties of the garments. This is confirmed by the textile industry standard stretching and bending tests. Additionally, applied superhydrophobic coatings (WCA=152Âș, SA=6Âș) allow uninterrupted wireless communication of the textiles under direct water application even after multiple washing cycles. Finally, I fabricated a user-interactive and wireless-communicating smart textile prototype, that interacts with the user through capacitive touch-sensing and relays the touch data through Bluetooth protocol to a smartphone. This demonstration validates that the proposed approach based on multi-material fibers is suitable for applications to sensor fabrics and bio-sensing textiles connected in real time to mobile communications infrastructures, suitable for a variety of health and life science applications

    A fabric-based approach for wearable haptics

    Get PDF
    In recent years, wearable haptic systems (WHS) have gained increasing attention as a novel and exciting paradigm for human-robot interaction (HRI).These systems can be worn by users, carried around, and integrated in their everyday lives, thus enabling a more natural manner to deliver tactile cues.At the same time, the design of these types of devices presents new issues: the challenge is the correct identification of design guidelines, with the two-fold goal of minimizing system encumbrance and increasing the effectiveness and naturalness of stimulus delivery.Fabrics can represent a viable solution to tackle these issues.They are specifically thought “to be worn”, and could be the key ingredient to develop wearable haptic interfaces conceived for a more natural HRI.In this paper, the author will review some examples of fabric-based WHS that can be applied to different body locations, and elicit different haptic perceptions for different application fields.Perspective and future developments of this approach will be discussed
    • 

    corecore