A theory of qualified types

AbstractThis paper describes a general theory of overloading based on a system of qualified types. The central idea is the use of predicates in the type of a term, restricting the scope of universal quantification. A corresponding semantic notion of evidence is introduced and provides a uniform framework for implementing applications of this system, including Haskell style type classes, extensible records and subtyping.Working with qualified types in a simple, implicitly typed, functional language, we extend the Damas-Milner approach to type inference. As a result, we show that the set of all possible typings for a given term can be characterized by a principal type scheme, calculated by a type inference algorithm

Kinds of conversational cooperation

The Cooperative Principle was the organizing principle in Grice’s pragmatics. More recently, cooperation has played a reduced role in pragmatic theory. The principle has been attacked on the grounds that people are not always or generally cooperative. One response to that objection is to say that there are two kinds of cooperation and Grice’s principle only applies to the narrower kind, which concerns linguistic or formal cooperation. I argue that such a distinction is only defensible if it is accepted that linguistic cooperation can be determined by an extra-linguistic goal. To make distinctions among types of cooperation is helpful but this strategy does not remove all concerns about speakers who are not fully cooperative and in particular the operation of the principle needs to be qualified in situations of conflict of interest. I propose that the principle, once qualified, can have a significant continuing role in pragmatic theory

Prediction Using Panel Data Regression with Spatial Random Effects

This paper considers some of the issues and difficulties relating to the use of spatial paneldata regression in prediction, illustrated by the effects of mass immigration on wages andincome levels in local authority areas of Great Britain. Motivated by contemporary urbaneconomics theory, and using recent advances in spatial econometrics, the panel regression haswages dependent on employment density and the efficiency of the labour force. There aretwo types of spatial interaction, a spatial lag of wages, and an autoregressive process for errorcomponents. The estimates suggest that increased employment densities will increase wagelevels, but wages may fall if migrants are under-qualified. This uncertainty highlights the factthat ex ante forecasting should be used with great caution as a basis for policy decisions.panel data, spatially correlated error components, economic geography, spatialeconometrics

The Relationship between Teacher Efficacy and Reading Program Type in West Virginia Elementary Schools

This study, based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory, explored the two dimensions of teacher efficacy among reading program types (Harcourt; Houghton Mifflin; MacMillan McGraw Hill; Pearson Scott Foresman; and, Other) and selected demographic factors (school enrollment size; student ethnicity; school district of urban, rural, and suburban; student socioeconomic status; teacher’s level of education; teacher’s years of experience; and, teacher certification of highly qualified or not-highly qualified). Utilizing Gibson and Dembo’s Teacher Efficacy Scale (TES) combined with an author-created selected demographic questionnaire, a sample of 364 elementary teachers participated representing a population of 6,204 elementary teachers of reading. A one-way ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference of general teaching efficacy among the reading program types, no significant difference of personal teaching efficacy among the reading program types, but found differences of personal teaching efficacy between Harcourt and MacMillan McGraw Hill reading programs. A lack of significance was found between general teaching efficacy and all selected demographic factors and between personal teaching efficacy and all selected demographic factors. Conclusions suggest that teaching efficacy among the reading program types and the selected demographics are more similar than different. Implications for practical application include continuation of National Reading Panel’s (2000) recommendations, Reading First/ K-3 Tiered Reading Model essential reading elements, and fidelity to the core reading program. Theoretical implications include review and synthesis of teacher efficacy research for critical elements of motivation. Suggestions for universities to market opportunities for advanced degrees in reading and utilization of teacher efficacy research in courses were encouraged

Temporary Investment Tax Incentives: Theory with Evidence from Bonus Depreciation

Investment decisions are inherently forward-looking. The payoff of acquiring capital goods, particularly long-lived capital goods, is governed almost exclusively by events in the far future. Because the timing of the investment itself does not affect future payoffs, there are strong incentives to delay or accelerate investment to take advantage of predictable intertemporal variations in cost. For sufficiently long-lived capital goods, these incentives are so strong that the intertemporal elasticity of investment demand is nearly infinite. As a consequence, for a temporary tax change, the shadow price of long-lived capital goods must reflect the full tax subsidy regardless of the elasticity of investment supply. While price data provide no information on the elasticity of supply, they can reveal the extent to which adjustment costs are internal or external to the firm. In contrast, the elasticity of investment supply can be inferred from quantity data alone. The bonus depreciation allowance passed in 2002 and increased in 2003 presents an opportunity to test the sharp predictions of neoclassical investment theory. In the law, certain types of long-lived capital goods qualify for substantial tax subsides while others do not. The data show that investment in qualified properties was substantially higher than for unqualified property. The estimated elasticity of investment supply is high--between 10 and 20. Market prices do not react to the subsidy as the theory dictates. This suggests either that internal (unmeasured) adjustment costs play a significant role or that measurement problems in the price data effectively conceal the price changes. While the policy noticeably increased investment in types of capital that benefited substantially from bonus depreciation, the aggregate effects of the policy were modest. The analysis suggests that the policy may have increased output by roughly 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent and increased employment by roughly 100,000 to 200,000 jobs.

A Cross-Disciplinary Examination of Institutional Diversity: How University Programs Advance a Diverse Workforce

Diversity in higher education is encouraged and celebrated throughout many predominant universities across the United States. Institutions of higher learning benefit from diversity in all aspects of campus life; from classes, organizations, or extracurricular activities. Institutional theory is applied to this study to examine how diversity programs are implemented in various university types (national research, private, and state) as well as different settings (educational opportunities, leadership, and accessibility) to develop a qualified and diverse workforce. To achieve this objective, we suggest universities implement a multifaceted approach focusing on initiatives at the university, faculty, and student level

Character Discrimination Analysis in the Novel Maryam by Okky Madasari

This study analyzes the types of discrimination that occur in the main character Maryam who was born as an Ahmadiyah adherent in the novel Okky Madasari. The formulation of the problem from this research is, what are the elements that cause discrimination against the character Maryam and what are the types of discrimination. The method that the researcher considers qualified to assist this research is the descriptive-qualitative method. This type of discrimination analysis uses Fulthoni's theory, which explains the types of discrimination from ethnicity, race, and religion/belief to gender and gender issues (social roles due to gender), and reveals the elements of discrimination that the author uses. new structural theory. Talking about the scope of social life, we will be carried away in various complex behaviors in society, which are formed in the dimensions of life and can be observed and traced to capture human existence. In Okky Madasari's novel Maryam, the main character Maryam experiences various life conflicts in the form of discrimination. The emergence of this discrimination is the result of the birth of Maryam's character as Ahmadiyah which is seen as a deviant sect by the community

Developmental Evaluation in Practice: Lessons from Evaluating a Market-Based Employment Initiative

Developmental evaluation (DE) has emerged as an approach that is well suited to evaluating innovative early-stage or market-based initiatives that address complex social issues. However, because DE theory and practice are still evolving, there are relatively few examples of its implementation on the ground. This paper reviews the practical experience of a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) team in conducting a developmental evaluation of a Rockefeller Foundation initiative in the field of digital employment for young people, and offers observations and advice on applying developmental evaluation in practice.Through its work with The Rockefeller Foundation's team and its grantees, the M&E team drew lessons relating to context, intentional learning, tools and processes, trust and communication, and adaption associated with developmental evaluation. It was found that success depends on commissioning a highly qualified DE team with interpersonal and communication skills and, whenever possible, some sectoral knowledge. The paper also offers responses to three major criticisms frequently leveled against developmental evaluation, namely that it displaces other types of evaluations, is too focused on "soft" methods and indicators, and downplays accountability.Through its reporting of lessons learned and its response to the challenges and shortcomings of developmental evaluation, the M&E team makes the case for including developmental evaluation as a tool for the evaluation toolbox, recommending that it be employed across a wide range of geographies and sectors. With its recommendation, it calls for future undertakings to experiment with new combinations of methods within the DE framework to strengthen its causal, quantitative, and accountability dimensions

Professional and personal paths for Europe’s qualified youth A survey of French, Italian and English ex-Erasmus students’ trajectories

Behind the image of a globalised, mobile elite there is a wide range of social realities. In Europe today, there are many types of international migrants. This paper focuses on the field of qualified, professional migration, a type that falls between the two extremities on the social spectrum: the elite corporation, top executives in the world of globalisation, and poor migrants or asylum-seekers, with little capital. Our starting point is the theory that today in Europe, certain young people from the "middle class” of the south of the continent and/or massified higher education establishments use geographical mobility as a means to social mobility (move out in order to move up). We also hypothesise that this often has consequences on both their lives and their original geographical region. We have chosen to show the "human side” (Smith; Favell, 2006) of globalisation, instead of the more common viewpoint of theory and rhetoric, by asking former Erasmus students about their careers and experiences, both professional and non-professional. We analyse to what extent their careers correspond to new injunctions and how these non-linear, reversible paths have an impact on the entry into adult life for young people from average social and professional categories. On the basis of an in-depth content analysis of around fifty semi-directive interviews with young Italian, French and English people, we show how student mobility corresponds to expectations of the economic and social world, which go beyond the expectations of the participants themselves. The question of a possible reinforcement of existing social and economic inequalities within the European Union is thus raised through the relative "freedom” of the students when confronted with exchanges.

Information needs and constraints of access to educational information in the Fort Beaufort Education District

Types of educational information needed by learners, their level of access and librarians’ supportive roles in learning are pertinent to the attainment of quality education. This study seeks to identify the types of educational information needed by high school learners and the barriers of access. The study is underpinned by the jurisprudential theory of freedom of speech augmented by the theory of access to establish the reality of access. The study adopted a mixed methods approach to obtain data from 331 grade 12 learners, 29 teachers and 3 librarians. The findings reveal that information on requirements for admission into university, subjects taught at school, and career guidance were the most needed by learners. Access challenges include inadequate information resources and the absence of and/or non-functional school libraries. Recommendations include the adequate provision of educational information, information literacy education, employment of qualified librarians by education authorities as well as provision of functional school libraries and information technology tools. The study has shown a need to further examine, in a more rigorous way, the coping strategies of teachers and learners in information-poor communities.Keywords: educational information; high school learners; information access; information literacy education; information needs; information resources; information technology tools; school librarie