A Survey of Smart Parking Solutions

International audienceConsidering the increase of urban population and traffic congestion, smart parking is always a strategic issue to work on, not only in the research field but also from economic interests. Thanks to information and communication technology evolution, drivers can more efficiently find satisfying parking spaces with smart parking services. The existing and ongoing works on smart parking are complicated and transdisciplinary. While deploying a smart parking system, cities, as well as urban engineers, need to spend a very long time to survey and inspect all the possibilities. Moreover, many varied works involve multiple disciplines, which are closely linked and inseparable. To give a clear overview, we introduce a smart parking ecosystem and propose a comprehensive and thoughtful classification by identifying their functionalities and problematic focuses. We go through the literature over the period of 2000-2016 on parking solutions as they were applied to smart parking development and evolution, and propose three macro-themes: information collection, system deployment, and service dissemination. In each macro-theme, we explain and synthesize the main methodologies used in the existing works and summarize their common goals and visions to solve current parking difficulties. Lastly, we give our engineering insights and show some challenges and open issues. Our survey gives an exhaustive study and a prospect in a multidisciplinary approach. Besides, the main findings of the current state-of-the-art throw out recommendations for future research on smart cities and the Internet architecture

From Smart Parking Towards Autonomous Valet Parking: A Survey, Challenges and Future Works

Recently, we see an increasing number of vehicles coming into our lives, which makes finding car parks a difficult task. To overcome this challenge, efficient and advanced parking techniques are required, such as finding the proper parking slot, increasing users’ experience, dynamic path planning and congestion avoidance. To this end, this survey provides a detailed overview starting from Smart Parking (SP) towards the emerging Autonomous Valet Parking (AVP) techniques. Specially, the SP includes digitally enhanced parking, smart routing, high density parking and vacant slot detection solutions. Moreover, the AVP involves Short-range Autonomous Valet Parking (SAVP) and Long-range Autonomous Valet Parking (LAVP). Finally, open issues and future work are provided

The Role of Deep Learning in Parking Space Identification and Prediction Systems

In today’s smart city transportation, traffic congestion is a vexing issue, and vehicles seeking parking spaces have been identified as one of the causes leading to approximately 40% of traffic congestion. Identifying parking spaces alone is insufficient because an identified available parking space may have been taken by another vehicle when it arrives, resulting in the driver’s frustration and aggravating traffic jams while searching for another parking space. This explains the need to predict the availability of parking spaces. Recently, deep learning (DL) has been shown to facilitate drivers to find parking spaces efficiently, leading to a promising performance enhancement in parking identification and prediction systems. However, no work reviews DL approaches applied to solve parking identification and prediction problems. Inspired by this gap, the purpose of this work is to investigate, highlight, and report on recent advances in DL approaches applied to predict and identify the availability of parking spaces. A taxonomy of DL-based parking identification and prediction systems is established as a methodology by classifying and categorizing existing literature, and by doing so, the salient and supportive features of different DL techniques for providing parking solutions are presented. Moreover, several open research challenges are outlined. This work identifies that there are various DL architectures, datasets, and performance measures used to address parking identification and prediction problems. Moreover, there are some open-source implementations available that can be used directly either to extend existing works or explore a new domain. This is the first short survey article that focuses on the use of DL-based techniques in parking identification and prediction systems for smart cities. This study concludes that although the deployment of DL in parking identification and prediction systems provides various benefits, the convergence of these two types of systems and DL brings about new issues that must be resolved in the near future

Sustainable smart parking solution in a campus environment

INTRODUCTION: With the continuous growth of cities and its demography, the number of vehicles has also increased in the cities which contributes to a greater difficulty in finding parking spaces. The time it takes for a citizen to find a free space in a car park can be tiring and contributes negatively to the level of air pollution. Smart Parking solutions intend to address this issue by proposing systems that, in many cases, include sensors and/or cameras with the purpose of facilitating the search for available parking spots. OBJECTIVES: In this paper, a crowdsourcing-based approach that makes use of a mobile app for facilitating the search for a parking space in the Instituto Polit?cnico de Viana do Castelo is presented. METHODS: The solutions intend to lower the time to park and, therefore, the amount of CO2 produced by vehicles of the academic community. Some gamification techniques were used to motivate users to be engaged with the mobile app. RESULTS: A survey was used to evaluate the solution and the app usability. It showed that the use of the app can contribute to reduce the time spent to find a parking space in approximately 50.75%, and consequently reducing the CO2 by the same amount, and it was also verified that the users enjoyed using the mobile app. CONCLUSION: The developed solution shows the efficient use of mobile applications, crowdsourcing and gamification approaches and their role to contribute to a more sustainable mobility.5311-8814-F0ED | Sara Maria da Cruz Maia de Oliveira PaivaN/

Qualidade de vida, sustentabilidade e eficiência na gestão dos recursos: um estudo sobre a adoção do smart parking da ParkWare

Mestrado em GestãoA questão das cidades inteligentes (smart cities) em Portugal, apesar de pouco falada pelo público em geral, começa já a ganhar o seu território no meio tecnológico e empresarial português. As soluções inteligentes (smart solutions) começam já a ser vistas como soluções para o crescimento da população e para as dificuldades de gestão dos recursos existentes nas cidades. Uma dessas dificuldades passa pela gestão da área de estacionamento existente. Como melhorar a eficiência dos parques de estacionamento? Que ferramentas estão disponíveis para aumentar a rotatividade dos lugares de estacionamento, ao mesmo tempo que se aumenta o controlo às infrações? Como é que se pode saber se, a determinada hora e em determinada rua, existe um lugar disponível? Estas são algumas das respostas dadas pela solução tecnológica de Parkware, o Smart Parking. Uma solução inteligente de gestão de estacionamento, criada para as entidades gestoras de estacionamento e para os condutores. Para a escrita deste relatório de estágio foram feitas entrevistas a quatro entidades gestoras de áreas de estacionamento e feitos 210 inquéritos a possíveis utilizadores da aplicação móvel de estacionamento inteligente associada à solução Smart Parking. As entrevistas ajudaram a confirmar que, de facto, o Smart Parking responde às necessidades de quem gere o estacionamento e indicam que estas mesmas entidades sabem a importância da mobilidade e têm conhecimento deste tipo de tecnologia. Já os inquéritos permitiram compreender o interesse dos possíveis futuros utilizadores por este tipo de tecnologia, assim como testar associações entre categorias e perceber entre quais existem relações dependentes. Assim se conclui que os clientes de futuro, deste tipo de soluções de estacionamento inteligente, serão os indivíduos mais velhos, com melhores habilitações literárias, e com maior rendimento mensal bruto. Por fim, apurou-se com este trabalho que o estacionamento e a sua regulação e organização leva em conta muitos fatores – tais como o bem-estar, a qualidade de vida, a sustentabilidade do planeta e a eficiência na gestão dos recursos. As multas não terão, segundo os entrevistados, somente objetivo de juntar recursos nos municípios, mas têm uma visão mais abrangente de ordenar o território e de gerir eficientemente os espaços – espaços esses com cada vez maior procura, nos centros urbanos, e, por conseguinte, cada vez mais escassos e necessitados de uma atenção ao mais alto nível de quem está a gerir as cidades. Conforme disse um dos entrevistados, referindo-se a este tema: “Nós agora temos que dar estacionamento, mas integrado em pacotes de mobilidade, é assim que tem de funcionar, não há outra forma de funcionar.”In Portugal, the discussion regarding smart cities, although little discussed by the general public, is already beginning to gain its territory in the Portuguese technological and business environment. Smart solutions are starting to be seen as answers to deal with population growth and the difficulties of managing the available resources in cities. One of those solutions involves the efficient management of the existing parking area. How can we improve the efficiency of a parking area? What tools are available to increase the rotation of parking spaces, while increasing control over infractions? How can you tell if there is a place available at a certain time or in a particular street? These are some of the answers given by Parkware’s technology – the Smart Parking solution, an intelligent parking management solution designed for parking managers and drivers. For this internship report, interviews were performed with four management entities of parking areas. Furthermore, 210 individuals answered a survey, these users being possible users of the intelligent parking mobile application, part of the Smart Parking solution. The interviews helped confirm that, in fact, the Smart Parking solution provides an answer to the needs of those who run parking areas and have proven that these same entities know the importance of mobility and are aware of this type of technology. On the other hand, the surveys allowed us to understand the interest of potential future users in this type of technology, as well as to test associations between categories and to know which of them are dependent. Thus, we conclude that the future customers of this type of smart parking solutions will be older individuals with higher qualitifications and with higher gross monthly income. Finally, this study on parking has shown that organizing and regulating parking takes into account many factors – such as well-being, quality of life, sustainability of the planet, and efficiency in the management of resources. Parking fines do not only have, according to the interviewees, a financial objective, for the city councils, having rather a greater vision to organize the territory and to manage space more effectively – spaces which are in ever higher demand, in urban centres, and, as a consequence, are ever scarcer and thus requiring attention at the highest levels by those managing cities. As one interviewee stated: “We have to now provide parking, but integrated in mobility packages, that is how it must work, there is simply no other way.

The Emerging Internet of Things Marketplace From an Industrial Perspective: A Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global information network consisting of internet-connected objects, such as Radio-frequency identification (RFIDs), sensors, actuators, as well as other instruments and smart appliances that are becoming an integral component of the future internet. Over the last decade, we have seen a large number of the IoT solutions developed by start-ups, small and medium enterprises, large corporations, academic research institutes (such as universities), and private and public research organisations making their way into the market. In this paper, we survey over one hundred IoT smart solutions in the marketplace and examine them closely in order to identify the technologies used, functionalities, and applications. More importantly, we identify the trends, opportunities and open challenges in the industry-based the IoT solutions. Based on the application domain, we classify and discuss these solutions under five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart, city, smart environment, and smart enterprise. This survey is intended to serve as a guideline and conceptual framework for future research in the IoT and to motivate and inspire further developments. It also provides a systematic exploration of existing research and suggests a number of potentially significant research directions.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing 201

Ready To Roll: Southeastern Pennsylvania's Regional Electric Vehicle Action Plan

On-road internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are responsible for nearly one-third of energy use and one-quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in southeastern Pennsylvania.1 Electric vehicles (EVs), including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (AEVs), present an opportunity to serve a significant portion of the region's mobility needs while simultaneously reducing energy use, petroleum dependence, fueling costs, and GHG emissions. As a national leader in EV readiness, the region can serve as an example for other efforts around the country."Ready to Roll! Southeastern Pennsylvania's Regional EV Action Plan (Ready to Roll!)" is a comprehensive, regionally coordinated approach to introducing EVs and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) into the five counties of southeastern Pennsylvania (Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia). This plan is the product of a partnership between the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), the City of Philadelphia, PECO Energy Company (PECO; the region's electricity provider), and Greater Philadelphia Clean Cities (GPCC). Additionally, ICF International provided assistance to DVRPC with the preparation of this plan. The plan incorporates feedback from key regional stakeholders, national best practices, and research to assess the southeastern Pennsylvania EV market, identify current market barriers, and develop strategies to facilitate vehicle and infrastructure deployment