Boosting Deep Open World Recognition by Clustering

While convolutional neural networks have brought significant advances in robot vision, their ability is often limited to closed world scenarios, where the number of semantic concepts to be recognized is determined by the available training set. Since it is practically impossible to capture all possible semantic concepts present in the real world in a single training set, we need to break the closed world assumption, equipping our robot with the capability to act in an open world. To provide such ability, a robot vision system should be able to (i) identify whether an instance does not belong to the set of known categories (i.e. open set recognition), and (ii) extend its knowledge to learn new classes over time (i.e. incremental learning). In this work, we show how we can boost the performance of deep open world recognition algorithms by means of a new loss formulation enforcing a global to local clustering of class-specific features. In particular, a first loss term, i.e. global clustering, forces the network to map samples closer to the class centroid they belong to while the second one, local clustering, shapes the representation space in such a way that samples of the same class get closer in the representation space while pushing away neighbours belonging to other classes. Moreover, we propose a strategy to learn class-specific rejection thresholds, instead of heuristically estimating a single global threshold, as in previous works. Experiments on RGB-D Object and Core50 datasets show the effectiveness of our approach.Comment: IROS/RAL 202

Improving clustering with metabolic pathway data

Background: It is a common practice in bioinformatics to validate each group returned by a clustering algorithm through manual analysis, according to a-priori biological knowledge. This procedure helps finding functionally related patterns to propose hypotheses for their behavior and the biological processes involved. Therefore, this knowledge is used only as a second step, after data are just clustered according to their expression patterns. Thus, it could be very useful to be able to improve the clustering of biological data by incorporating prior knowledge into the cluster formation itself, in order to enhance the biological value of the clusters. Results: A novel training algorithm for clustering is presented, which evaluates the biological internal connections of the data points while the clusters are being formed. Within this training algorithm, the calculation of distances among data points and neurons centroids includes a new term based on information from well-known metabolic pathways. The standard self-organizing map (SOM) training versus the biologically-inspired SOM (bSOM) training were tested with two real data sets of transcripts and metabolites from Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis thaliana species. Classical data mining validation measures were used to evaluate the clustering solutions obtained by both algorithms. Moreover, a new measure that takes into account the biological connectivity of the clusters was applied. The results of bSOM show important improvements in the convergence and performance for the proposed clustering method in comparison to standard SOM training, in particular, from the application point of view. Conclusions: Analyses of the clusters obtained with bSOM indicate that including biological information during training can certainly increase the biological value of the clusters found with the proposed method. It is worth to highlight that this fact has effectively improved the results, which can simplify their further analysis.Fil: Milone, Diego Humberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencia Computacional. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencia Computacional; ArgentinaFil: Stegmayer, Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencia Computacional. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Instituto de Investigación en Señales, Sistemas e Inteligencia Computacional; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Mariana Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kamenetzky, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Carrari, Fernando Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentin

Cluster analysis for outlier detection : A case study of applying unsupervised machine learning on diesel engine data

With the advent of modern data driven methods, engine manufacturers and maintainers are attempting to pivot from corrective to predictive maintenance. One way to achieve this goal is to install sensors on the engine and look for anomalies in the data patterns it produces. Companies such as Wärtsilä that provide condition monitoring services use the Fast Fourier Transform to manually look for anomalies in the data. The Edge-project is an industrial research project involving institutions such as universities and private companies, with the goal of developing technical solutions and edge analytics for autonomous devices and vessels. Several papers and theses have been written as a result of the project, using techniques such as autoencoders to perform anomaly detection on data produced by sensors on a diesel engine. This thesis explores the use of cluster analysis for anomaly detection on diesel engine data from the Edge-project. Finding clusters could potentially represent different states of the running engine, with anomalies being represented e.g. by data points far away from cluster centroids, or data points not belonging to any particular cluster. The techniques of K-means, DBSCAN and spectral clustering are used for assigning clusters, with silhouette coefficient and eigengap used as hyperparameter tuning heuristics. Distance from cluster centroids and reduced kernel density estimation are used to flag anomalies. T-SNE and Self-Organizing Maps are used as dimensionality reduction techniques to visualize the data into a 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional space, respectively. Results show that what data are flagged as anomalies is highly sensitive to the choice of algorithm and chosen hyperparameters. The different results suggest different data as anomaly candidates. Therefore, further evaluation is needed from subject matter experts to determine which one of the models provides the most interesting results. Further work could include building an ensemble model that combines the used approaches, which could flag certain areas of the data space as a high risk for being anomalous.Moottorien valmistajat ja ylläpitäjät pyrkivät siirtymään korjaavasta huollosta ennakoivaan huoltoon modernien datavetoisten menetelmien avulla. Tämä voidaan saavuttaa esimerkiksi asentamalla antureita moottoriin ja etsimällä poikkeavuuksia anturien tuottamasta datasta. Yritykset kuten Wärtsilä, jotka tarjoavat kunnonvalvontapalveluita etsivät datasta poikkeavuuksia manuaalisesti Fourier-muunnosten avulla. Edge-projekti on teollinen tutkimushanke, johon osallistuu mm. yliopistoja ja yksityisen sektorin yrityksiä, ja jonka tavoitteena on tuottaa teknisiä ratkaisuja ja reunalaskenta-analytiikkaa itseohjautuville laitteille, ajoneuvoille ja aluksille. Hankkeesta on kirjoitettu monia tutkimusartikkeleita ja opinnäytetöitä, joissa käytetään tekniikoita kuten syviä neuroverkkoja poikkeavuuksien havaitsemiseen dieselmoottoriin asennettujen anturien tuottamasta datasta. Tämä opinnäytetyö tutkii klusterianalyysiä menetelmänä poikkeavuuksien havaitsemiseen Edge-projektissa ajetun dieselmoottorin datasta. Klusterit voisivat mahdollisesti edustaa ajettavan moottorin eri tiloja, ja poikkeavuudet voisivat olla esim. kaukana klusterien keskipisteistä olevia datapisteitä, tai datapisteitä, jotka eivät kuulu mihinkään tiettyyn klusteriin. Työssä käytetään algoritmeja K-means, DBSCAN ja spektraaliklusterointia klusterien määrittämiseen, ja siluettikerrointa sekä ominaisväliä käytetään hyperparametrioptimoinnin heuristiikkoina. Poikkeavuuksien merkintään käytetään etäisyyttä klusterien keskipisteisiin sekä alennettua ydintiheysestimaattoria. T-SNE:tä ja itseorganisoituvaa karttaa käytetään datan ulottuvuuksien vähentämisen tekniikoina, jotta data voidaan visualisoida 3- ja 2-ulotteiseen avaruuteen. Tulokset osoittavat, että mikä data tulkitaan poikkeavana, riippuu vahvasti algoritmin ja sen hyperparametrien valinnasta. Menetelmien merkitsemät poikkeavuudet eroavat huomattavasti toisistaan. Tämän vuoksi vaaditaan aihealueen ammattilaisilta lisätutkimuksia, jotta voidaan päättää mikä malli luo mielenkiintoisimmat tulokset. Jatkokehitysideana voisi olla mallikokoelma, jossa yhdistyy tässä työssä käytetyt menetelmät, ja jonka tehtävänä olisi kartoittaa data-avaruuden eri alueiden riskit poikkeavuuksien sisältämiseen

Decentralized Collaborative Learning Framework for Next POI Recommendation

Next Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendation has become an indispensable functionality in Location-based Social Networks (LBSNs) due to its effectiveness in helping people decide the next POI to visit. However, accurate recommendation requires a vast amount of historical check-in data, thus threatening user privacy as the location-sensitive data needs to be handled by cloud servers. Although there have been several on-device frameworks for privacy-preserving POI recommendations, they are still resource-intensive when it comes to storage and computation, and show limited robustness to the high sparsity of user-POI interactions. On this basis, we propose a novel decentralized collaborative learning framework for POI recommendation (DCLR), which allows users to train their personalized models locally in a collaborative manner. DCLR significantly reduces the local models' dependence on the cloud for training, and can be used to expand arbitrary centralized recommendation models. To counteract the sparsity of on-device user data when learning each local model, we design two self-supervision signals to pretrain the POI representations on the server with geographical and categorical correlations of POIs. To facilitate collaborative learning, we innovatively propose to incorporate knowledge from either geographically or semantically similar users into each local model with attentive aggregation and mutual information maximization. The collaborative learning process makes use of communications between devices while requiring only minor engagement from the central server for identifying user groups, and is compatible with common privacy preservation mechanisms like differential privacy. We evaluate DCLR with two real-world datasets, where the results show that DCLR outperforms state-of-the-art on-device frameworks and yields competitive results compared with centralized counterparts.Comment: 21 Pages, 3 figures, 4 table