Testing immediate and retention effects of acoustic feedback on the boat motion in high-performance rowing

Evidence exists, that rhythmic information, provided audibly, supports the timing of movement-execution subliminally. This study aimed to test immediate effects of acoustic feedback (AF) on mean boat speed during on-water rowing training with elite athletes in two squad-levels and to observe the retention of effects. 20 athletes (14 seniors, age 22.6 ± 1.6 years, body mass 93.1 ± 9.8 kg, body height 192.5 ± 3.3 cm; 6 juniors, age 17.5 ± 0.2 years, body mass 85.0 ± 7.4 kg, body height 189.3 ± 8.8 cm) of the German National Rowing Team in 8 boats (small and big boats) participated in the study. Boat acceleration and distance travelled were measured with Sofirow. The boat’s acceleration-time trace was converted online into AF and presented to the athletes via speakers. Repeated measures within-subjects factorial ANOVA showed significantly increased mean boat speed with AF compared to baseline for both squad-levels (P < 0.01) as well as for the retention-test compared to pre-test (P < 0.01). Intra-cyclical analysis revealed significant changes in the acceleration-time traces. Athletes perceived AF as supportive for training, providing functional information about the boat-run, independently from vision. The concept was integrated into the final-preparation for the World Championships.Our special thanks go to the German Federal Institute of Sport Science (BISp) for supporting the research project financially (IIA1-070802/11)

Pre-recorded sound file versus human coach: Investigating auditory guidance effects on elite rowers

Presented at the 27th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD 2022) 24-27 June 2022, Virtual conference.We report on an experiment in which nine Norwegian national team rowers (one female) were tested on a rowing ergometer in a motion capture lab. After the warm-up, all participants rowed in a neutral condition for three minutes, without any instructions. Then they rowed in two conditions (three minutes each), with a counterbalanced order: (1) a coaching condition, during which they received oral instructions from a national team coach, and (2) a sound condition, during which they listened to a pre-recorded sound file that was produced to promote good rowing technique. Performance was measured in terms of distance traveled, and subjective responses were measured via a questionnaire inquiring participants about how useful the two interventions were for rowing efficiency. The results showed no significant difference between the two conditions of main interest–the pre-recorded sound file and traditional coaching–on any measure. Our study indicates that auditory guidance can be a cost-efficient supplement to athletes’ training, even at higher levels

Evaluation of impact sound on the 'feel' of a golf shot

The ‘feel’ of a golf club is an important characteristic that has a significant influence on a golfer's choice of equipment. The sound from impact varies between different clubs and balls and this has been found to contribute to the feel of a shot. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the impact sound and elite golfers’ subjective perceptions of the shot. Suitable test procedures were developed to quantify the golfers’ perceptions using a questionnaire and to measure the impact sound from the same shots. Statistical techniques were then employed to identify correlations between parameters of the impact sound and the golfers’ subjective ratings. The characteristics sharpness and loudness of sound and pleasantness and liveliness of feel were found to be strongly correlated; a shot was rated as having a pleasant feel if it had a loud, sharp sound and a lively feel. Strong positive correlations were also obtained between the subjective ratings and parameters of the impact sound such as sound pressure level, loudness level (according to ISO 532) and sharpness

Gait sonification for rehabilitation: adjusting gait patterns by acoustic transformation of kinematic data

To enhance motor learning in both sport and rehabilitation, auditory feedback has emerged as an effective tool. Since it requires less attention than visual feedback and hardly affects the visually dominated orientation in space, it can be used safely and effectively in natural locomotion such as walking. One method for generating acoustic movement feedback is the direct mapping of kinematic data to sound (movement sonification). Using this method in orthopedic gait rehabilitation could make an important contribution to the prevention of falls and secondary diseases. This would not only reduce the individual suffering of the patients, but also medical treatment costs. To determine the possible applications of movement sonification in gait rehabilitation in the context of this work, a new gait sonification method based on inertial sensor technology was developed. Against the background of current scientific findings on sensorimotor function, feedback methods, and gait analysis, three studies published in scientific journals are presented in this thesis: The first study shows the applicability and acceptance of the feedback method in patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation after unilateral total hip arthroplasty. In addition, the direct effect of gait sonification during ten gait training sessions on the patients’ gait pattern was revealed. In the second study, the immediate follow-up effect of gait sonification on the kinematics of the same patient group is examined at four measurement points after gait training. In this context, a significant influence of sonification on the gait pattern of the patients was shown, which, however, did not meet the previously expected effects. In view of this finding, the effect of the specific sound parameter loudness of gait sonification on the gait of healthy persons was analyzed in a third study. Thus, an impact of asymmetric loudness of gait sonification on the ground contact time could be detected. Considering this cause-effect relationship can be a component in improving gait sonfication in rehabilitation. Overall, the feasibility and effectiveness of movement sonification in gait rehabilitation of patients after unilateral hip arthroplasty becomes evident. The findings thus illustrate the potential of the method to efficiently support orthopedic gait rehabilitation in the future. On the basis of the results presented, this potential can be exploited in particular by an adequate mapping of movement to sound, a systematic modification of selected sound parameters, and a target-group-specific selection of the gait sonification mode. In addition to a detailed investigation of the three factors mentioned above, an optimization and refinement of gait analysis in patients after arthroplasty using inertial sensor technology will be beneficial in the future.Akustisches Feedback kann wirkungsvoll eingesetzt werden, um das Bewegungslernen sowohl im Sport als auch in der Rehabilitation zu erleichtern. Da es weniger Aufmerksamkeit als visuelles Feedback erfordert und die visuell dominierte Orientierung im Raum kaum beeinträchtigt, kann es während einer natürlichen Fortbewegung wie dem Gehen sicher und effektiv genutzt werden. Eine Methode zur Generierung akustischen Bewegungsfeedbacks ist die direkte Abbildung kinematischer Daten auf Sound (Bewegungssonifikation). Ein Einsatz dieser Methode in der orthopädischen Gangrehabilitation könnte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Prävention von Stürzen und Folgeerkrankungen leisten. Neben dem individuellen Leid der Patienten ließen sich so auch medizinische Behandlungskosten erheblich reduzieren. Um im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Bewegungssonifikation in der Gangrehabilitation zu bestimmen, wurde eine neue Gangsonifikationsmethodik auf Basis von Inertialsensorik entwickelt. Zu der entwickelten Methodik werden, vor dem Hintergrund aktueller wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse zur Sensomotorik, zu Feedbackmethoden und zur Ganganalyse, in dieser Thesis drei in Fachzeitschriften publizierte Studien vorgestellt. Die erste Studie beschreibt die Anwendbarkeit und Akzeptanz der Feedbackmethode bei Patienten in stationärer Rehabilitation nach unilateraler Hüftendoprothetik. Darüber hinaus wird der direkte Effekt der Gangsonifikation während eines zehnmaligen Gangtrainings auf das Gangmuster der Patienten deutlich. In der zweiten Studie wird der unmittelbare Nacheffekt der Gangsonifikation auf die Kinematik der gleichen Patientengruppe zu vier Messzeitpunkten nach dem Gangtraining untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigte sich ein signifikanter Einfluss der Sonifikation auf das Gangbild der Patienten, der allerdings nicht den zuvor erwarteten Effekten entsprach. Aufgrund dieses Ergebnisses wurde in einer dritten Studie die Wirkung des spezifischen Klangparameters Lautstärke der Gangsonifikation auf das Gangbild von gesunden Personen analysiert. Dabei konnte ein Einfluss von asymmetrischer Lautstärke der Gangsonifikation auf die Bodenkontaktzeit nachgewiesen werden. Die Berücksichtigung dieses Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhangs kann einen Baustein bei der Verbesserung der Gangsonifikation in der Rehabilitation darstellen. Insgesamt wird die Anwendbarkeit und Wirksamkeit von Bewegungssonifikation in der Gangrehabilitation bei Patienten nach unilateraler Hüftendoprothetik evident. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verdeutlichen das Potential der Methode, die orthopädische Gangrehabilitation zukünftig effizient zu unterstützen. Ausschöpfen lässt sich dieses Potential auf Grundlage der vorgestellten Ergebnisse insbesondere anhand einer adäquaten Zuordnung von Bewegung zu Sound, einer systematischen Modifikation ausgewählter Soundparameter sowie einer zielgruppenspezifischen Wahl des Modus der Sonifikation. Neben einer differenzierten Untersuchung der genannten Faktoren, erscheint zukünftig eine Optimierung und Verfeinerung der Ganganalyse bei Patienten nach Endoprothetik unter Einsatz von Inertialsensorik notwendig

Auditory coding of reaching space

Reaching movements are usually initiated by visual events and controlled visually and kinesthetically. Lately, studies have focused on the possible benefit of auditory information for localization tasks, and also for movement control. This explorative study aimed to investigate if it is possible to code reaching space purely by auditory information. Therefore, the precision of reaching movements to merely acoustically coded target positions was analyzed. We studied the efficacy of acoustically effect-based and of additional acoustically performance-based instruction and feedback and the role of visual movement control. Twenty-four participants executed reaching movements to merely acoustically presented, invisible target positions in three mutually perpendicular planes in front of them. Effector-endpoint trajectories were tracked using inertial sensors. Kinematic data regarding the three spatial dimensions and the movement velocity were sonified. Thus, acoustic instruction and real-time feedback of the movement trajectories and the target position of the hand were provided. The subjects were able to align their reaching movements to the merely acoustically instructed targets. Reaching space can be coded merely acoustically, additional visual movement control does not enhance reaching performance. On the basis of these results, a remarkable benefit of kinematic movement acoustics for the neuromotor rehabilitation of everyday motor skills can be assumed

Moderating influence of dominant attentional style and exercise intensity on responses to asynchronous music

Copyright @ 2013 Human Kinetics as accepted for publication. This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below.We examined independent and combined influences of asynchronous music and dominant attentional style (DAS) on psychological and psychophysical variables during exercise using mixed methods. Participants (N = 34) were grouped according to DAS and completed treadmill runs at three intensities (low, moderate, high) crossed with three music conditions (motivational, oudeterous, no-music control). State attentional focus shifted from dissociative to associative with increasing intensity and was most aligned with DAS during moderate-intensity exercise. Both music conditions facilitated dissociation at low-to-moderate intensities. At high exercise intensity, both music conditions were associated with reduced RPE among participants with an associative DAS. Dissociators reported higher RPE overall during moderate and high intensities. Psychological responses were most positive in the motivational condition, followed by oudeterous and control. Findings illustrate the relevance of individual differences in DAS as well as task intensity and duration when selecting music for exercise

Loudness affects motion: asymmetric volume of auditory feedback results in asymmetric gait in healthy young adults

Background: The potential of auditory feedback for motor learning in the rehabilitation of various diseases has become apparent in recent years. However, since the volume of auditory feedback has played a minor role so far and its influence has hardly been considered, we investigate the volume effect of auditory feedback on gait pattern and gait direction and its interaction with pitch. Methods: Thirty-two healthy young participants were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 16) received a high pitch (150-250 Hz) auditory feedback; group 2 (n = 16) received a lower pitch (95-112 Hz) auditory feedback. The feedback consisted of a real-time sonification of the right and left foot ground contact. After an initial condition (no auditory feedback and full vision), both groups realized a 30-minute habituation period followed by a 30-minute asymmetry period. At any condition, the participants were asked to walk blindfolded and with auditory feedback towards a target at 15 m distance and were stopped 5 m before the target. Three different volume conditions were applied in random order during the habituation period: loud, normal, and quiet. In the subsequent asymmetry period, the three volume conditions baseline, right quiet and left quiet were applied in random order. Results: In the habituation phase, the step width from the loud to the quiet condition showed a significant interaction of volume*pitch with a decrease at high pitch (group 1) and an increase at lower pitch (group 2) (group 1: loud 1.02 ± 0.310, quiet 0.98 ± 0.301; group 2: loud 0.95 ± 0.229, quiet 1.11 ± 0.298). In the asymmetry period, a significantly increased ground contact time on the side with reduced volume could be found (right quiet: left foot 0.988 ± 0.033, right foot 1.003 ± 0.040, left quiet: left foot 1.004 ± 0.036, right foot 1.002 ± 0.033). Conclusions: Our results suggest that modifying the volume of auditory feedback can be an effective way to improve gait symmetry. This could facilitate gait therapy and rehabilitation of hemiparetic and arthroplasty patients, in particular if gait improvement based on verbal corrections and conscious motor control is limited. © 2022, The Author(s)

Safe and Sound: Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Auditory Display

Complete proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2022), June 24-27. Online virtual conference

Benefits of Crank Moment Sonification in Cycling

AbstractIn sports, the provision of augmented feedback is an important means to accelerate learning of new movements. Traditionally, concurrent augmented feedback has been provided verbally or visually. However, more recent studies have shown sonification of data during the movement, i.e. the mapping of a measured variable to parameter of sound, can be very effective to learn temporal aspects of a movement or movement patterns. In this pilot study, it was investigated if learning of complex pushing-pulling action applied to clipless pedals of a cycling ergometer can be enhanced by sonification of the crank moment. Three novice and three experienced cyclists were invited to train a reference crank moment pattern for two consecutive days (a total of twelve training sessions of 60 s each). However, in contrast to the results found in studies on rowing, the applied sonification did not enhance learning compared to visual and verbal instruction only. The lack of learning might be due to an inappropriate sonification design, short training sessions or the high task complexity. Extended studies are needed to draw more significant conclusions

Enhancing the mechanical efficiency of skilled rowing through shortened feedback cycles

In elite level rowing competition, the average velocities of medallists differ by less than 1 % over 2000 m. Nations place sporting excellence in high regard and this magnifies the importance of success. As a result, sports science and technology is increasingly used to achieve marginal performance gains. This research considers how to advance biomechanical analysis and skills training provision with a particular focus on the technical and practical delivery of real-time feedback to coaches and athletes, thereby shortening the amount of time between feedback cycles. Underpinning any biomechanical feedback intervention, validated determinants of performance are required. Previous research revealed that, while gross biomechanical measures such as athlete power, stroke rate and stroke length have previously been used as key determinants of performance, elite athletes are nowadays performing within expected ranges and therefore it is no longer possible to easily differentiate crews using these measures alone. This thesis describes workshops held with elite coaches to investigate biomechanical efficiency where the outcomes led to a focus on how a boat accelerates and decelerates during a stroke and hence how the boat's velocity fluctuates. Novel metrics are proposed to quantify aspects of a stroke cycle and used to analyse an elite data set, collected using a standardised protocol. It is shown that individual elite rowers can be successfully differentiated and benchmark values of performance are presented. Consideration of previous research suggests that there is currently no suitably functional and flexible biomechanical real-time feedback system to deliver complex skills training in rowing. Therefore, this thesis describes the research that has led to the development and evaluation of new technology to deliver visual and audible interfaces that support the delivery of concurrent and terminal feedback in water and land-based environments. Coaches and athletes were involved throughout the design process to optimise system suitability and encourage adoption. The technology empowers a coach to intricately manipulate feedback provision, thereby promoting motor control and learning theory best practice. Novel insights relevant to designing interactive systems for use within an elite sporting population are also discussed. This research presents an end-to-end strategy for the applied delivery of real-time feedback to skilled rowers bringing together engineering and social science disciplines. A land-based case series reveals that while statistically significant skill learning was not achieved, participants acquired sport specific technical awareness and heightened motivation as a result of the skills training intervention. Existing motor learning literature was tested as part of the study with a key finding being the lack of support for audible display of stroke acceleration through frequency modulation. Study limitations were identified that explain the lack of an effect of skills training on rower efficiency. The study also acted as a validation of the use of a land-based simulator to monitor and manipulate stroke velocity and a validation of the candidate feedback interfaces that had been implemented. As of result of this work, rowing coaches are able to evaluate their athletes in a novel way, achieving a deeper appreciation of their biomechanical efficiency. Upon identifying athletes with a need for technical development, coaches can intervene with the proposed methodology of skill development making use of the new technologies developed to deliver performance gains. This methodology would achieve enhanced validity through a deeper understanding of the reliability of the new metrics and their relationship to boat speed. Future attempts to test for skill learning should build upon the findings made in this work and, in due course, technology and theory should combine to deliver terminal feedback training during water-based rowing