CMOS ASIC Design of Multi-frequency Multi-constellation GNSS Front-ends

With the emergence of the new global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as Galileo, COMPASS and GLONASS, the US Global Positioning System (GPS) has new competitors. This multiplicity of constellations will offer new services and a much better satellite coverage. Public regulated service (PRS) is one of these new services that Galileo, the first global positioning service under civilian control, will offers. The PRS is a proprietary encrypted navigation designed to be more reliable and robust against jamming and provides premium quality in terms of position and timing and continuity of service, but it requires the use of FEs with extended capabilities. The project that this thesis starts from, aims to develop a dual frequency (E1 and E6) PRS receiver with a focus on a solution for professional applications that combines affordability and robustness. To limit the production cost, the choice of a monolithic design in a multi-purpose 0.18 µm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology have been selected, and to reduce the susceptibility to interference, the targeted receiver is composed of two independent FEs. The first ASIC described here is such FEs bundle. Each FE is composed of a radio frequency (RF) chain that includes a low-noise amplifier (LNA), a quadrature mixer, a frequency synthesizer (FS), two intermediate frequency (IF) filters, two variable-gain amplifiers (VGAs) and two 6-bit flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Each have an IF bandwidth of 50 MHz to accommodate the wide-band PRS signals. The FE achieves a 30 dB of dynamic gain control at each channel. The complete receivers occupies a die area of 11.5 mm2 while consuming 115 mW from a supply of a 1.8 V. The second ASIC that targets civilian applications, is a reconfigurable single-channel FE that permits to exploit the interoperability among GNSSs. The FE can operate in two modes: a ¿narrow-band mode¿, dedicated to Beidou-B1 with an IF bandwidth of 8 MHz, and a ¿wide-band mode¿ with an IF bandwidth of 23 MHz, which can accommodate simultaneous reception of Beidou-B1/GPS-L1/Galileo-E1. These two modes consumes respectively 22.85 mA and 28.45 mA from a 1.8 V supply. Developed with the best linearity in mind, the FE shows very good linearity with an input-referred 1 dB compression point (IP1dB) of better than -27.6 dBm. The FE gain is stepwise flexible from 39 dB and to a maximum of 58 dB. The complete FE occupies a die area of only 2.6 mm2 in a 0.18 µm CMOS. To also accommodate the wide-band PRS signals in the IF section of the FE, a highly selective wide-tuning-range 4th-order Gm-C elliptic low-pass filter is used. It features an innovative continuous tuning circuit that adjusts the bias current of the Gm cell¿s input stage to control the cutoff frequency. With this circuit, the power consumption is proportional to the cutoff frequency thus the power efficiency is achieved while keeping the linearity near constant. Thanks to a Gm switching technique, which permit to keep the signal path switchless, the filter shows an extended tuning of the cutoff frequency that covers continuously a range from 7.4 MHz to 27.4 MHz. Moreover the abrupt roll-off of up to 66 dB/octave, can mitigate out-of-band interference. The filter consumes 2.1 mA and 7.5 mA at its lowest and highest cutoff frequencies respectively, and its active area occupies, 0.23 mm2. It achieves a high input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3) of up to -1.3 dBVRMS

Millimeter-scale RF Integrated Circuits and Antennas for Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Nodes

Recently there has been increased demand for a millimeter-scale wireless sensor node for applications such as biomedical devices, defense, and surveillance. This form-factor is driven by a desire to be vanishingly small, injectable through a needle, or implantable through a minimally-invasive surgical procedure. Wireless communication is a necessity, but there are several challenges at the millimeter-scale wireless sensor node. One of the main challenges is external components like crystal reference and antenna become the bottleneck of realizing the mm-scale wireless sensor node device. A second challenge is power consumption of the electronics. At mm-scale, the micro-battery has limited capacity and small peak current. Moreover, the RF front-end circuits that operates at the highest frequency in the system will consume most of the power from the battery. Finally, as node volume reduces, there is a challenge of integrating the entire system together, in particular for the RF performance, because all components, including the battery and ICs, need to be placed in close proximity of the antenna. This research explores ways to implement low-power integrated circuits in an energy-constrained and volume constrained application. Three different prototypes are mainly conducted in the proposal. The first is a fully-encapsulated, autonomous, complete wireless sensor node with UWB transmitter in 10.6mm3 volume. It is the first time to demonstrate a full and stand-alone wireless sensing functionality with such a tiny integrated system. The second prototype is a low power GPS front-end receiver that supports burst-mode. A double super-heterodyne topology enables the reception of the three public GPS bands, L1, L2 and L5 simultaneously. The third prototype is an integrated rectangular slot loop antenna in a standard 0.13-μm BiCMOS technology. The antenna is efficiently designed to cover the bandwidth at 60 GHz band and easily satisfy the metal density rules and can be integrated with other circuitry in a standard process.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143972/1/hskims_1.pd

Compact adaptive planar antenna arrays for robust satellite navigation systems

In den zurückliegenden zwei Jahrzehnten ist die Abhängigkeit der Industriegesellschaft von satellitengestützten Ortungssystemen, Navigationsdiensten und Zeitsignalen dramatisch gewachsen. Darauf aufbauende moderne Anwendungen reichen von hochgenauen Ortungsgeräten bis zu intelligenten Transportsystemen und von der Synchronisation mobiler Netzwerke zu Wetter- und Klimabeobachtung. Dies setzt neue höhere Standards in der Robustheit, Genauigkeit, Verfügbarkeit und Verlässlichkeit moderner Navigationsempfänger voraus. Möglich werden diese Verbesserungen aktuell mit der Einführung von Multiantennensystemen in den Navigationsgeräten. Jedoch wird die Nutzung dieses Ansatzes durch die größeren Abmessungen der Antennenarrays erschwert, weil standardmäßig der Elementabstand zu einer halben Freiraumwellenlänge gewählt wird, was im L Band ca. 10 cm bedeutet. In dieser Arbeit werden kompakte Antennenarrays für Navigationsempfänger mit geringerem Elementabstand vorgeschlagen, die eine Miniaturisierung der Empfängerabmessungen erlauben. Diese kompakten Arrays werden in ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit jedoch durch die negativen Effekte der Verkopplung zwischen den Einzelelementen beeinträchtigt. Für die Beurteilung der Empfängerleistungsfähigkeit existieren verschiedene Qualitätsparameter für Analyse und Entwurf der planaren Arrays. Damit werden z. B. Diversity Freiheitsgrade, Qualität der Richtungsschätzung, Polarisationsreinheit und die wechselseitigen Kopplungen gemessen und eine Entwurfsumgebung wird vorgestellt, in der das optimale kompakte Antennenarray für den jeweiligen Einsatzzweck ausgewählt und konfiguriert werden kann. Dieser Prozess wird durch eine Analyse des Rauschens und seiner Korrelationseigenschaften für den gesamten Empfänger begleitet. Darüber hinaus wird ein analytisches Modell des effektiven carrier-to-interference-plus-noise ratio abgeleitet, um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Navigationsempfänger in Szenarien mit Störsignalen zu untersuchen. Schließlich werden diese Betrachtungen durch den Aufbau eines kompletten Satellitennavigationsempfängers ergänzt, um mit ihm den Nachweis der Funktionsfähigkeit und der stabilen Funktion des entworfenen Systems mit kompaktem Array unter Störereinfluss bei Laborbedingungen und in den reale Außeneinsatz zu erbringen.Over the past two decades, humankind's reliance on global navigation satellite systems for precise positioning, navigation and timing services has grown remarkably. Such advanced applications vary from highly accurate surveying to intelligent transport systems, and from mobile network timing synchronization to weather and climate monitoring. This envisages new and higher standards of robustness, accuracy, coverage and integrity in modern navigation receivers. Recently, this has been accomplished with the incorporation of the multi-element navigation antenna receiver. However, the industrialization of this approach is limited due to the large antenna array size, hindered by the inter-element separation of half of the free-space wavelength, i.e. ≈ 10 cm at L band 1-2 GHz. In this thesis, compact navigation antenna arrays with smaller inter-element separations are proposed for the miniaturization of the overall size. However, these arrays become afflicted with the adverse effects of mutual coupling. Therefore, various figures-of-merit for the analysis and design of a compact planar navigation antenna array, such as performance diversity degrees-of-freedom, directional finding capabilities, and polarization purity, including mutual coupling effects, have been presented. This provides a general framework for the selection and configuration of the optimum compact navigation antenna array. In order to mitigate the mutual coupling, integration of the decoupling and matching network into customized compact navigation antenna array designs is performed. This is fostered by the correlated noise characterization of the complete receiver. Furthermore, an analytical model of the equivalent carrier-to-interference-plus-noise ratio is derived to investigate the navigation performance in interference scenarios. In the end, this is complemented by the implementation of the complete navigation receiver for verification and robustness validation of the derived compact antenna array concepts in indoor and outdoor interference scenarios

Personality Identification from Social Media Using Deep Learning: A Review

Social media helps in sharing of ideas and information among people scattered around the world and thus helps in creating communities, groups, and virtual networks. Identification of personality is significant in many types of applications such as in detecting the mental state or character of a person, predicting job satisfaction, professional and personal relationship success, in recommendation systems. Personality is also an important factor to determine individual variation in thoughts, feelings, and conduct systems. According to the survey of Global social media research in 2018, approximately 3.196 billion social media users are in worldwide. The numbers are estimated to grow rapidly further with the use of mobile smart devices and advancement in technology. Support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Multilayer perceptron neural network, and convolutional neural network (CNN) are some of the machine learning techniques used for personality identification in the literature review. This paper presents various studies conducted in identifying the personality of social media users with the help of machine learning approaches and the recent studies that targeted to predict the personality of online social media (OSM) users are reviewed

Shortest Route at Dynamic Location with Node Combination-Dijkstra Algorithm

Abstract— Online transportation has become a basic requirement of the general public in support of all activities to go to work, school or vacation to the sights. Public transportation services compete to provide the best service so that consumers feel comfortable using the services offered, so that all activities are noticed, one of them is the search for the shortest route in picking the buyer or delivering to the destination. Node Combination method can minimize memory usage and this methode is more optimal when compared to A* and Ant Colony in the shortest route search like Dijkstra algorithm, but can’t store the history node that has been passed. Therefore, using node combination algorithm is very good in searching the shortest distance is not the shortest route. This paper is structured to modify the node combination algorithm to solve the problem of finding the shortest route at the dynamic location obtained from the transport fleet by displaying the nodes that have the shortest distance and will be implemented in the geographic information system in the form of map to facilitate the use of the system. Keywords— Shortest Path, Algorithm Dijkstra, Node Combination, Dynamic Location (key words