71 research outputs found

    COASTLINE EXTRACTION IN VHR IMAGERY USING MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY WITH SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL KNOWLEDGE

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    In this article, we are dealing with the problem of coastline extraction in Very High Resolution (VHR) multispectral images (Quickbird) on the Normandy Coast (France). Locating precisely the coastline is a crucial task in the context of coastal resource management and planning. In VHR imagery, some details on coastal zone become visible and the coastline definition depends on the geomorphologic context. According to the type of coastal units (sandy beach, wetlands, dune, cliff), several definitions for the coastline has to be used. So in this paper we propose a new approach in two steps based on morphological tools to extract coastline according to their context. More precisely, we first perform two detections of possible coastline pixels (respectively without false positive and without false negative). To do so, we apply a recent extension to multivariate images of the hit-or-miss transform, the morphological template matching tool, and rely on expert knowledge to define the sought templates. We then combine these two results through a double thresholding procedure followed by a final marker-based watershed to locate the exact coastline. In order to assess the performance and reliability of our method, results are compared with some ground-truth given by expert visual analysis. This comparison is made both visually and quantitatively. Results show the high performance of our method and its relevance to the problem under consideration

    Object detection and classification in aerial hyperspectral imagery using a multivariate hit-or-miss transform

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    High resolution aerial and satellite borne hyperspectral imagery provides a wealth of information about an imaged scene allowing for many earth observation applications to be investigated. Such applications include geological exploration, soil characterisation, land usage, change monitoring as well as military applications such as anomaly and target detection. While this sheer volume of data provides an invaluable resource, with it comes the curse of dimensionality and the necessity for smart processing techniques as analysing this large quantity of data can be a lengthy and problematic task. In order to aid this analysis dimensionality reduction techniques can be employed to simplify the task by reducing the volume of data and describing it (or most of it) in an alternate way. This work aims to apply this notion of dimensionality reduction based hyperspectral analysis to target detection using a multivariate Percentage Occupancy Hit or Miss Transform that detects objects based on their size shape and spectral properties. We also investigate the effects of noise and distortion and how incorporating these factors in the design of necessary structuring elements allows for a more accurate representation of the desired targets and therefore a more accurate detection. We also compare our method with various other common Target Detection and Anomaly Detection techniques

    Détection des bùtiments à partir des images multispectrales à trÚs haute résolution spatiale par la transformation Hit-or-Miss

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    RĂ©sumĂ© : La dĂ©tection des bĂątiments dans les images Ă  trĂšs haute rĂ©solution spatiale (THRS) a plusieurs applications pratiques et reprĂ©sente un domaine de recherche scientifique intensive ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. Elle fait face Ă  la complexitĂ© du milieu urbain et aux spĂ©cificitĂ©s des images provenant des diffĂ©rents capteurs. La performance des mĂ©thodes existantes pour l’extraction des bĂątiments n’est pas encore suffisante pour qu’elles soient gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es Ă  grande Ă©chelle (diffĂ©rents types de tissus urbains et capteurs). Les opĂ©rateurs morphologiques se sont montrĂ©s efficaces pour la dĂ©tection des bĂątiments dans les images panchromatiques (images en niveaux de gris) Ă  trĂšs haute rĂ©solution spectrale (THRS). L’information spectrale issue des images multispectrales est jugĂ©e nĂ©cessaire pour l’amĂ©lioration de leur performance. L’extension des opĂ©rateurs morphologiques pour les images multispectrales exige l’adoption d’une stratĂ©gie qui permet le traitement des pixels sous forme de vecteurs, dont les composantes sont les valeurs dans les diffĂ©rentes bandes spectrales. Ce travail de recherche vise l’application de la transformation morphologique dite Hit-or-Miss (HMT) Ă  des images multispectrales Ă  THRS, afin de dĂ©tecter des bĂątiments. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la problĂ©matique de l’extension des opĂ©rateurs morphologiques pour les images multispectrales, nous proposons deux solutions. Comme une premiĂšre solution nous avons gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des images en niveaux de gris Ă  partir les bandes multispectrales. Dans ces nouvelles images les bĂątiments potentiels sont rehaussĂ©s par rapport Ă  l’arriĂšre-plan. La HMT en niveaux de gris est alors appliquĂ©e Ă  ces images afin de dĂ©tecter les bĂątiments. Pour rehausser les bĂątiments nous avons proposĂ© un nouvel indice, que nous avons appelĂ© Spectral Similarity Ratio (SSR). Pour Ă©viter de dĂ©finir des configurations, des ensembles d’élĂ©ments structurants (ES), nĂ©cessaires pour l’application de la HMT, au prĂ©alable, nous avons utilisĂ© l’érosion et la dilatation floues et poursuivi la rĂ©ponse des pixels aux diffĂ©rentes valeurs des ES. La mĂ©thode est testĂ©e sur des extraits d’images reprĂ©sentant des quartiers de type rĂ©sidentiel. Le taux moyen de reconnaissance obtenu pour les deux capteurs Ikonos et GeoEye est de 85 % et de 80 %, respectivement. Le taux moyen de bonne identification, quant Ă  lui, est de 85 % et 84 % pour les images Ikonos et GeoEye, respectivement. AprĂšs certaines amĂ©liorations, la mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des larges scĂšnes Ikonos et WorldView-2, couvrant diffĂ©rents tissus urbains. Le taux moyen des bĂątiments reconnus est de 82 %. Pour sa part, le taux de bonne identification est de 81 %. Dans la deuxiĂšme solution, nous adoptons une stratĂ©gie vectorielle pour appliquer la HMT directement sur les images multispectrales. La taille des ES de cette transformation morphologique est dĂ©finie en utilisant la transformation dite chapeau haut-de-forme par reconstruction. Une Ă©tape de post-traitement inclut le filtrage de la vĂ©gĂ©tation par l’indice de la vĂ©gĂ©tation NDVI et la validation de la localisation des bĂątiments par l’information d’ombre. La mĂ©thode est appliquĂ©e sur un espace urbain de type rĂ©sidentiel. Des extraits d’images provenant des capteurs satellitaires Ikonos, GeoEye et WorldView 2 ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©s. Le taux des bĂątiments reconnus est relativement Ă©levĂ© pour tous les extraits - entre 85 % et 97 %. Le taux de bonne identification dĂ©montre des rĂ©sultats entre 74 % et 88 %. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus nous permettent de conclure que les objectifs de ce travail de recherche, Ă  savoir, la proposition d’une technique pour l’estimation de la similaritĂ© spectrale entre les pixels formant le toit d’un bĂątiment, l’intĂ©gration de l’information multispectrale dans la HMT dans le but de dĂ©tecter les bĂątiments, et la proposition d’une technique qui permet la dĂ©finition semi-automatique des configurations bĂątiment/voisinage dans les images multispectrales, ont Ă©tĂ© atteints. // Abstract : Detection of buildings in very high spatial resolution images (THRS) has various practical applications and is recently a subject of intensive scientific research. It faces the complexity of the urban environment and the variety of image characteristics depending on the type of the sensor. The performance of existing building extraction methods is not yet sufficient to be generalized to a large scale (different urban patterns and sensors). Morphological operators have been proven effective for the detection of buildings in panchromatic (greyscale) very high spectral resolution (VHSR) images. The spectral information of multispectral images is jugged efficient to improve the results of the detection. The extension of morphological operators to multispectral images is not straightforward. As pixels of multispectral images are pixels vectors the components of which are the intensity values in the different bands, a strategy to order vectors must be adopted. This research thesis focuses on the application of the morphological transformation called Hit-or-Miss (HMT) on multispectral VHSR images in order to detect buildings. To address the issue of the extension of morphological operators to multispectral images we have proposed two solutions. The first one employs generation of greyscale images from multispectral bands, where potential buildings are enhanced. The grayscale HMT is then applied to these images in order to detect buildings. To enhance potential building locations we have proposed the use of Spectral Similarity Ratio (SSR). To avoid the need to set multiple configurations of structuring elements (SE) necessary for the implementation of the HMT, we have used fuzzy erosion and fuzzy dilation and examined the pixel response to different values of SE. The method has been tested on image subsets taken over residential areas. The average rate of recognition for the two sensors, Ikonos and GeoEye, is 85% and 80%, respectively. The average rate of correct identification is 85% and 84%, for Ikonos and GeoEye subsets, respectively. Having made some improvements, we then applied the method to large scenes from Ikonos and WorldView-2 images covering different urban patterns. The average rate of recognized buildings is 82%. The rate of correct identification is 81%. As a second solution, we have proposed a new vector based strategy which allows the multispectral information to be integrated into the percent occupancy HMT (POHMT). Thus, the POHMT has been directly applied on multispectral images. The parameters for the POHMT have been defined using the morphological transformation dubbed top hat by reconstruction. A post-processing step included filtering the vegetation and validating building locations by proximity to shadow. The method has been applied to urban residential areas. Image subsets from Ikonos, GeoEye and WorldView2 have been processed. The rate of recognized buildings is relatively high for all subsets - between 85% and 97%. The rate of correct identification is between 74 % and 88 %. The results allow us to conclude that the objectives of this research, namely, suggesting a technique for estimating the spectral similarity between the pixels forming the roof of a building, the integration of multispectral information in the HMT in order to detect buildings and the proposition of a semiautomatic technique for the definition of the configurations building/neighbourhood in multispectral images, have been achieved

    Contributions en morphologie mathématique pour l'analyse d'images multivariées

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    This thesis contributes to the field of mathematical morphology and illustrates how multivariate statistics and machine learning techniques can be exploited to design vector ordering and to include results of morphological operators in the pipeline of multivariate image analysis. In particular, we make use of supervised learning, random projections, tensor representations and conditional transformations to design new kinds of multivariate ordering, and morphological filters for color and multi/hyperspectral images. Our key contributions include the following points:‱ Exploration and analysis of supervised ordering based on kernel methods.‱ Proposition of an unsupervised ordering based on statistical depth function computed by random projections. We begin by exploring the properties that an image requires to ensure that the ordering and the associated morphological operators can be interpreted in a similar way than in the case of grey scale images. This will lead us to the notion of background/foreground decomposition. Additionally, invariance properties are analyzed and theoretical convergence is showed.‱ Analysis of supervised ordering in morphological template matching problems, which corresponds to the extension of hit-or-miss operator to multivariate image by using supervised ordering.‱ Discussion of various strategies for morphological image decomposition, specifically, the additive morphological decomposition is introduced as an alternative for the analysis of remote sensing multivariate images, in particular for the task of dimensionality reduction and supervised classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images.‱ Proposition of an unified framework based on morphological operators for contrast enhancement and salt- and-pepper denoising.‱ Introduces a new framework of multivariate Boolean models using a complete lattice formulation. This theoretical contribution is useful for characterizing and simulation of multivariate textures.Cette thĂšse contribue au domaine de la morphologie mathĂ©matique et illustre comment la statistique multivariĂ©e et les techniques d'apprentissage numĂ©rique peuvent ĂȘtre exploitĂ©es pour concevoir un ordre dans l'espace des vecteurs et pour inclure les rĂ©sultats d'opĂ©rateurs morphologiques au processus d'analyse d'images multivariĂ©es. En particulier, nous utilisons l'apprentissage supervisĂ©, les projections alĂ©atoires, les reprĂ©sentations tensorielles et les transformations conditionnelles pour concevoir de nouveaux types d'ordres multivariĂ©s et de nouveaux filtres morphologiques pour les images multi/hyperspectrales. Nos contributions clĂ©s incluent les points suivants :‱ Exploration et analyse d'ordre supervisĂ©, basĂ© sur les mĂ©thodes Ă  noyaux.‱ Proposition d'un ordre nonsupervisĂ©, basĂ© sur la fonction de profondeur statistique calculĂ©e par projections alĂ©atoires. Nous commençons par explorer les propriĂ©tĂ©s nĂ©cessaires Ă  une image pour assurer que l'ordre ainsi que les opĂ©rateurs morphologiques associĂ©s, puissent ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©s de maniĂšre similaire au cas d'images en niveaux de gris. Cela nous amĂšnera Ă  la notion de dĂ©composition en arriĂšre plan. De plus, les propriĂ©tĂ©s d'invariance sont analysĂ©es et la convergence thĂ©orique est dĂ©montrĂ©e.‱ Analyse de l'ordre supervisĂ© dans les problĂšmes de correspondance morphologique de patrons, qui correspond Ă  l'extension de l'opĂ©rateur tout-ou-rien aux images multivariĂ©es grĂące Ă  l‘utilisation de l'ordre supervisĂ©.‱ Discussion sur diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies pour la dĂ©composition morphologique d'images. Notamment, la dĂ©composition morphologique additive est introduite comme alternative pour l'analyse d'images de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection, en particulier pour les tĂąches de rĂ©duction de dimension et de classification supervisĂ©e d'images hyperspectrales de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection.‱ Proposition d'un cadre unifiĂ© basĂ© sur des opĂ©rateurs morphologiques, pour l'amĂ©lioration de contraste et pour le filtrage du bruit poivre-et-sel.‱ Introduction d'un nouveau cadre de modĂšles BoolĂ©ens multivariĂ©s en utilisant une formulation en treillis complets. Cette contribution thĂ©orique est utile pour la caractĂ©risation et la simulation de textures multivariĂ©es

    A Multivariate Hit-or-Miss Transform for Conjoint Spatial and Spectral Template Matching

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    International audienceThe Hit-or-Miss transform is a well-known morphological operator for template matching in binary and grey-level images. However it cannot be used straightforward in multivalued images (such as colour or multispectral images) since Mathematical Morphology needs an ordering relation which is not trivial on multivalued spaces. Moreover, existing deïŹnitions of the Hit-Or-Miss Transform in grey-level use only spatial templates (or structuring elements) which could be insuïŹƒcient for some feature extraction problems. In this paper, we propose a multivariate Hit- or-Miss Transform operator which combines spatial and spectral patterns to perform template matching. We illustrate its relevance with an application in the remote sensing ïŹeld, the extraction of coastline from very high (spatial) resolution images

    Analyse d’images de documents patrimoniaux : une approche structurelle à base de texture

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    Over the last few years, there has been tremendous growth in digitizing collections of cultural heritage documents. Thus, many challenges and open issues have been raised, such as information retrieval in digital libraries or analyzing page content of historical books. Recently, an important need has emerged which consists in designing a computer-aided characterization and categorization tool, able to index or group historical digitized book pages according to several criteria, mainly the layout structure and/or typographic/graphical characteristics of the historical document image content. Thus, the work conducted in this thesis presents an automatic approach for characterization and categorization of historical book pages. The proposed approach is applicable to a large variety of ancient books. In addition, it does not assume a priori knowledge regarding document image layout and content. It is based on the use of texture and graph algorithms to provide a rich and holistic description of the layout and content of the analyzed book pages to characterize and categorize historical book pages. The categorization is based on the characterization of the digitized page content by texture, shape, geometric and topological descriptors. This characterization is represented by a structural signature. More precisely, the signature-based characterization approach consists of two main stages. The first stage is extracting homogeneous regions. Then, the second one is proposing a graph-based page signature which is based on the extracted homogeneous regions, reflecting its layout and content. Afterwards, by comparing the different obtained graph-based signatures using a graph-matching paradigm, the similarities of digitized historical book page layout and/or content can be deduced. Subsequently, book pages with similar layout and/or content can be categorized and grouped, and a table of contents/summary of the analyzed digitized historical book can be provided automatically. As a consequence, numerous signature-based applications (e.g. information retrieval in digital libraries according to several criteria, page categorization) can be implemented for managing effectively a corpus or collections of books. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed page signature, a detailed experimental evaluation has been conducted in this work for assessing two possible categorization applications, unsupervised page classification and page stream segmentation. In addition, the different steps of the proposed approach have been evaluated on a large variety of historical document images.Les rĂ©cents progrĂšs dans la numĂ©risation des collections de documents patrimoniaux ont ravivĂ© de nouveaux dĂ©fis afin de garantir une conservation durable et de fournir un accĂšs plus large aux documents anciens. En parallĂšle de la recherche d'information dans les bibliothĂšques numĂ©riques ou l'analyse du contenu des pages numĂ©risĂ©es dans les ouvrages anciens, la caractĂ©risation et la catĂ©gorisation des pages d'ouvrages anciens a connu rĂ©cemment un regain d'intĂ©rĂȘt. Les efforts se concentrent autant sur le dĂ©veloppement d'outils rapides et automatiques de caractĂ©risation et catĂ©gorisation des pages d'ouvrages anciens, capables de classer les pages d'un ouvrage numĂ©risĂ© en fonction de plusieurs critĂšres, notamment la structure des mises en page et/ou les caractĂ©ristiques typographiques/graphiques du contenu de ces pages. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette thĂšse, nous proposons une approche permettant la caractĂ©risation et la catĂ©gorisation automatiques des pages d'un ouvrage ancien. L'approche proposĂ©e se veut indĂ©pendante de la structure et du contenu de l'ouvrage analysĂ©. Le principal avantage de ce travail rĂ©side dans le fait que l'approche s'affranchit des connaissances prĂ©alables, que ce soit concernant le contenu du document ou sa structure. Elle est basĂ©e sur une analyse des descripteurs de texture et une reprĂ©sentation structurelle en graphe afin de fournir une description riche permettant une catĂ©gorisation Ă  partir du contenu graphique (capturĂ© par la texture) et des mises en page (reprĂ©sentĂ©es par des graphes). En effet, cette catĂ©gorisation s'appuie sur la caractĂ©risation du contenu de la page numĂ©risĂ©e Ă  l'aide d'une analyse des descripteurs de texture, de forme, gĂ©omĂ©triques et topologiques. Cette caractĂ©risation est dĂ©finie Ă  l'aide d'une reprĂ©sentation structurelle. Dans le dĂ©tail, l'approche de catĂ©gorisation se dĂ©compose en deux Ă©tapes principales successives. La premiĂšre consiste Ă  extraire des rĂ©gions homogĂšnes. La seconde vise Ă  proposer une signature structurelle Ă  base de texture, sous la forme d'un graphe, construite Ă  partir des rĂ©gions homogĂšnes extraites et reflĂ©tant la structure de la page analysĂ©e. Cette signature assure la mise en Ɠuvre de nombreuses applications pour gĂ©rer efficacement un corpus ou des collections de livres patrimoniaux (par exemple, la recherche d'information dans les bibliothĂšques numĂ©riques en fonction de plusieurs critĂšres, ou la catĂ©gorisation des pages d'un mĂȘme ouvrage). En comparant les diffĂ©rentes signatures structurelles par le biais de la distance d'Ă©dition entre graphes, les similitudes entre les pages d'un mĂȘme ouvrage en termes de leurs mises en page et/ou contenus peuvent ĂȘtre dĂ©duites. Ainsi de suite, les pages ayant des mises en page et/ou contenus similaires peuvent ĂȘtre catĂ©gorisĂ©es, et un rĂ©sumĂ©/une table des matiĂšres de l'ouvrage analysĂ© peut ĂȘtre alors gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© automatiquement. Pour illustrer l'efficacitĂ© de la signature proposĂ©e, une Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale dĂ©taillĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans ce travail pour Ă©valuer deux applications possibles de catĂ©gorisation de pages d'un mĂȘme ouvrage, la classification non supervisĂ©e de pages et la segmentation de flux de pages d'un mĂȘme ouvrage. En outre, les diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de l'approche proposĂ©e ont donnĂ© lieu Ă  des Ă©valuations par le biais d'expĂ©rimentations menĂ©es sur un large corpus de documents patrimoniaux

    A comparison of the CAR and DAGAR spatial random effects models with an application to diabetics rate estimation in Belgium

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    When hierarchically modelling an epidemiological phenomenon on a finite collection of sites in space, one must always take a latent spatial effect into account in order to capture the correlation structure that links the phenomenon to the territory. In this work, we compare two autoregressive spatial models that can be used for this purpose: the classical CAR model and the more recent DAGAR model. Differently from the former, the latter has a desirable property: its ρ parameter can be naturally interpreted as the average neighbor pair correlation and, in addition, this parameter can be directly estimated when the effect is modelled using a DAGAR rather than a CAR structure. As an application, we model the diabetics rate in Belgium in 2014 and show the adequacy of these models in predicting the response variable when no covariates are available
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