Security and Privacy for Green IoT-based Agriculture: Review, Blockchain solutions, and Challenges

open access articleThis paper presents research challenges on security and privacy issues in the field of green IoT-based agriculture. We start by describing a four-tier green IoT-based agriculture architecture and summarizing the existing surveys that deal with smart agriculture. Then, we provide a classification of threat models against green IoT-based agriculture into five categories, including, attacks against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability, and integrity properties. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward secure and privacy-preserving technologies for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. In addition, we analyze the privacy-oriented blockchain-based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT-based agriculture. Based on the current survey, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions in the security and privacy of green IoT-based agriculture

IoT Applications Computing

The evolution of emerging and innovative technologies based on Industry 4.0 concepts are transforming society and industry into a fully digitized and networked globe. Sensing, communications, and computing embedded with ambient intelligence are at the heart of the Internet of Things (IoT), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and Industry 4.0 technologies with expanding applications in manufacturing, transportation, health, building automation, agriculture, and the environment. It is expected that the emerging technology clusters of ambient intelligence computing will not only transform modern industry but also advance societal health and wellness, as well as and make the environment more sustainable. This book uses an interdisciplinary approach to explain the complex issue of scientific and technological innovations largely based on intelligent computing

Security of Big Data over IoT Environment by Integration of Deep Learning and Optimization

This is especially true given the spread of IoT, which makes it possible for two-way communication between various electronic devices and is therefore essential to contemporary living. However, it has been shown that IoT may be readily exploited. There is a need to develop new technology or combine existing ones to address these security issues. DL, a kind of ML, has been used in earlier studies to discover security breaches with good results. IoT device data is abundant, diverse, and trustworthy. Thus, improved performance and data management are attainable with help of big data technology. The current state of IoT security, big data, and deep learning led to an all-encompassing study of the topic. This study examines the interrelationships of big data, IoT security, and DL technologies, and draws parallels between these three areas. Technical works in all three fields have been compared, allowing for the development of a thematic taxonomy. Finally, we have laid the groundwork for further investigation into IoT security concerns by identifying and assessing the obstacles inherent in using DL for security utilizing big data. The security of large data has been taken into consideration in this article by categorizing various dangers using a deep learning method. The purpose of optimization is to raise both accuracy and performance

Environmental Impact of Different Business Models: An {LCA} Study of Fresh Tomato Production in Italy

This paper aims to define and measure the environmental impacts associated with three distinct industry techniques used in the production of fresh tomatoes, from planting to harvesting. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of producing one kilogram of fresh processing tomatoes. The study includes three Italian companies representing different Business Models: standard production, integrated production, and precision farming. The impact evaluation method used is ReCiPe, at both midpoint and endpoint levels. The results reveal that the adoption of advanced technology, such as precision farming, in managing the agricultural production of fresh tomatoes leads to a significant reduction in environmental impacts across all categories analyzed. Interestingly, the largest contribution to climate-changing gases comes from the use of fertilizers. Precision farming demonstrates a remarkable reduction of CO2 emissions by 52% compared to integrated production and 67% compared to standard production. This analysis provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers in developing strategies for large-scale, sustainable production using innovative techniques. The main contribution of this study lies in comparing the performance of three different Business Models employed in Italian fresh tomato production

Big data based on IoT in the agriculture industry: developments, opportunities, and challenges ahead

With the creation of mobile phones and new technologies, new opportunities have been created in industries; This is while among these technologies are big data and the Internet of Things, which can help increase the potential of the agricultural industry. Meanwhile, technological advances have also changed the way data is collected, shared, and used. Governments and non-governmental actors are increasingly using digital technologies, and new sources and approaches to data have increased the determination of governments and professionals to further integrate data science with agriculture. Our goal is to evaluate the acceptance conditions of big data technologies in agricultural applications, based on the research conducted in this direction based on the growing technologies in this field. In this regard, the literature of the subject has been reviewed and the most important features, opportunities and challenges facing the agricultural industry in the face of the huge amount of data have been reviewed and evaluated. The results show that among the main characteristics of big data (volume, speed, variety, accuracy) in the field of agriculture, the most emphasis is on speed and variety. The main concern of the stakeholders is the cost, user-friendliness and embedding of the solution in their current working procedure

IoT adoption in agriculture:a systematic review

Agriculture is one of these sectors where Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to make a major impact. Yet, its adoption in the sector falls behind the expectations. This paper presents an extensive review of 1355 publications over the last decade, with an aim to highlight the state-of-the-art of research on IoT in agriculture and investigate its slow adoption. The literature review reveals that the “big three” barriers for the overall sector are cost, skills, and standardization, while the lack of connectivity and data governance are two key reasons why most of the proposed IoT solutions are standalone systems of limited scope and the majority of commercial IoT efforts focuses on practices under protected indoor environment. Lastly, the analysis of past research along the five layers of IoT system architecture reveals limited attention on barriers and solutions at the business layer, which represents a research opportunity for information systems scholars

IoT adoption in agriculture: a systematic review

Agriculture is one of these sectors where Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to make a major impact. Yet, its adoption in the sector falls behind the expectations. This paper presents an extensive review of 1355 publications over the last decade, with an aim to highlight the state-of-the-art of research on IoT in agriculture and investigate its slow adoption. The literature review reveals that the “big three” barriers for the overall sector are cost, skills, and standardization, while the lack of connectivity and data governance are two key reasons why most of the proposed IoT solutions are standalone systems of limited scope and the majority of commercial IoT efforts focuses on practices under protected indoor environment. Lastly, the analysis of past research along the five layers of IoT system architecture reveals limited attention on barriers and solutions at the business layer, which represents a research opportunity for information systems scholars

New Trends in Development of Services in the Modern Economy

The services sector strategic development unites a multitude of economic and managerial aspects and is one of the most important problems of economic management. Many researches devoted to this industry study are available. Most of them are performed in the traditional aspect of the voluminous calendar approach to strategic management, characteristic of the national scientific school. Such an approach seems archaic, forming false strategic benchmarks. The services sector is of special scientific interest in this context due to the fact that the social production structure to the services development model attraction in many countries suggests transition to postindustrial economy type where the services sector is a system-supporting sector of the economy. Actively influencing the economy, the services sector in the developed countries dominates in the GDP formation, primary capital accumulation, labor, households final consumption and, finally, citizens comfort of living. However, a clear understanding of the services sector as a hyper-sector permeating all spheres of human activity has not yet been fully developed, although interest in this issue continues to grow among many authors. Target of strategic management of the industry development setting requires substantive content and the services sector target value assessment

How to create value by entrepreneurially using the innovation vertical indoor farming in smart sustainable cities

This master thesis report investigates the potential of five different innovations for value creation in the context of Smart Sustainable Cities by 2050, applying the research question “How to create value by entrepreneurially using innovations in Smart Sustainable Cities?” The individual part focuses on the innovation of Vertical indoor farming. Interviews, calculations, research, and sustainability assessments have been done. In conclusion, environmental sustainability without sacrificing price, quality or other advantages leads to an increase of value