A Hybrid Energy Efficient Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We proposed an energy conservation technique called Location Based Topology Control with Sleep Scheduling for ad hoc networks. It uses the feature of both topology control approach and power management approach. Like the topology control approach, it attempts to reduce the transmission power of a node, which is determined from its neighborhood location information. A node goes to sleep state based on the traffic condition as that of power management approach. In the proposed scheme, a node goes to sleep state only when its absence does not create local partition in its neighborhood. We preformed extensive simulation to compare the proposed scheme with existing ones. Simulation results show that the energy consumption is lower with increase in the network lifetime and higher throughput in the proposed scheme

Adaptive Cross-Layer Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

[EN] Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are generally created for temporary scenarios. In such scenarios, where nodes are in mobility, efficient routing is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose an adaptive and cross-layer multipath routing protocol for such changing scenarios. Our routing mechanisms operate keeping in view the type of applications. For simple applications, the proposed protocol is inspired from traditional on-demand routing protocols by searching shortest routes from source to destination using default parameters. In case of multimedia applications, the proposed mechanism considers such routes which are capable of providing more data rates having less packet loss ratio. For those applications which need security, the proposed mechanism searches such routes which are more secure in nature as compared to others. Cross-layer methodology is used in proposed routing scheme so as to exchange different parameters across the protocol stack for better decision-making at network layer. Our approach is efficient and fault tolerant in a variety of scenarios that we simulated and tested.The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this research group no. 037-1435-RG.Iqbal, Z.; Khan, S.; Mehmood, A.; Lloret, J.; Alrajeh, NA. (2016). Adaptive Cross-Layer Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Journal of Sensors. 2016:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5486437S1182016Abusalah, L., Khokhar, A., & Guizani, M. (2008). A survey of secure mobile Ad Hoc routing protocols. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 10(4), 78-93. doi:10.1109/surv.2008.080407Murthy, S., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. (1996). An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 1(2), 183-197. doi:10.1007/bf01193336Toh, C.-K. (1997). Wireless Personal Communications, 4(2), 103-139. doi:10.1023/a:1008812928561Pearlman, M. R., & Haas, Z. J. (1999). Determining the optimal configuration for the zone routing protocol. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), 1395-1414. doi:10.1109/49.779922ZHEN, Y., WU, M., WU, D., ZHANG, Q., & XU, C. (2010). Toward path reliability by using adaptive multi-path routing mechanism for multimedia service in mobile Ad-hoc network. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, 17(1), 93-100. doi:10.1016/s1005-8885(09)60431-3Sivakumar, R., Sinha, P., & Bharghavan, V. (1999). CEDAR: a core-extraction distributed ad hoc routing algorithm. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), 1454-1465. doi:10.1109/49.779926Zapata, M. G. (2002). Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 6(3), 106-107. doi:10.1145/581291.581312Khan, S., & Loo, J. (2010). Cross Layer Secure and Resource-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 62(1), 201-214. doi:10.1007/s11277-010-0048-ySharma, V., & Alam, B. (2012). Unicaste Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications, 51(14), 9-18. doi:10.5120/8108-1714Tarique, M., Tepe, K. E., Adibi, S., & Erfani, S. (2009). Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 32(6), 1125-1143. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2009.07.002Shiwen Mao, Shunan Lin, Yao Wang, Panwar, S. S., & Yihan Li. (2005). Multipath video transport over ad hoc networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 12(4), 42-49. doi:10.1109/mwc.2005.1497857Li, Z., Chen, Q., Zhu, G., Choi, Y., & Sekiya, H. (2015). A Low Latency, Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(8), 946587. doi:10.1155/2015/946587Zheng, Z., Liu, A., Cai, L. X., Chen, Z., & Shen, X. (2016). Energy and memory efficient clone detection in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 15(5), 1130-1143. doi:10.1109/tmc.2015.2449847Dong, M., Ota, K., Liu, A., & Guo, M. (2016). Joint Optimization of Lifetime and Transport Delay under Reliability Constraint Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 27(1), 225-236. doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2388482Hamrioui, S., Lorenz, P., Lloret, J., & Lalam, M. (2013). A Cross Layer Solution for Better Interactions Between Routing and Transport Protocols in MANET. Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 21(3), 137. doi:10.2498/cit.1002136Sanchez-Iborra, R., & Cano, M.-D. (2014). An approach to a cross layer-based QoE improvement for MANET routing protocols. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 6(3), 18. doi:10.5296/npa.v6i3.5827Cho, J.-H., Swami, A., & Chen, I.-R. (2011). A Survey on Trust Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 13(4), 562-583. doi:10.1109/surv.2011.092110.0008

Cognitive virtual ad hoc mobile cloud-based networking architecture

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University LondonThis thesis proposed cognitive techniques and intelligent algorithms that offered adaptive and advanced facilities to cloud-based networking by using Virtual Ad Hoc Mobile Cloud Computing Networks architecture (VAMCCNs). This is presented as a working case to address their global network challenges and to add cognitive support to the network design and implementation for better meeting traffic management and application requirements in mission objectives. The thesis concentrates on three main contributions. Firstly, an adaptive model, namely: a Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing Network (HMCCN), was proposed to integrate different cloud networks architectures into one workflow. The cognitive data offloading task and the routing decision methods were applied using two different approaches: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy system (FAH) as a first approach and cognitive Software Defined Network (SDN) model as a second centralised approach. Experimental results show improvement in network reliability and throughputs, minimised in both nodes’ energy consumption and network latency with efficient intelligent data load balance and network resources allocation with best cloud model selection. Secondly, based on a virtual Ad Hoc cloud network with a realistic Random Waypoint Motion (RWM) model, an innovative cognitive routing algorithm was presented to improve efficient and reliable route selection among multiple possible routes. Routing protocols based on conventional, Fuzzy logic used important parameters with two data collections and decisions techniques and a new adaptive Intelligent Hybrid Fuzzy-Neural routing protocol (IHFN) that included prior knowledge to the network of the underlying motion and energy parameters were all proposed and compared. Results with the new hybrid algorithm shown a significant improvement to solve the network end-to-end performance degradation problem. The new hybrid protocol improved network throughput with an average of 20% higher than traditional Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol, improved the usage of network resources and reduced the maintenance process in adynamic topologies network. Finally, based on datasets collected from a realistic motion RWM model in a virtual Ad Hoc cloud network, the performance behaviour of six selected deep learning algorithms to predict the next steps of positions, speed and residual battery energy values of these mobile nodes have been evaluated and compared. This work goes further by presenting two algorithm's training techniques to predict the next 300-time steps of position, speed, and energy. Results and dissuasion show the differences concerning prediction accuracy between using the single node dataset model or Multiple node's dataset model

A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanismsComment: 15 page

MARIAN: A hybrid, metric-driven, agent-based routing protocol for multihop ad-hoc networks

Recent advances in technology provided the ground for highly dynamic, mobile, infrastructure-less networks, namely, ad-hoc networks. Despite their enormous benefits, the full potential cannot be reached unless certain issues are resolved. These mainly involve routing, as the lack of an infrastructure imposes a heavy burden on mobile devices that must maintain location information and route data packets in a multi-hop fashion. Specifically, typical adhoc routing devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), are limited in respect to the available throughput, life-time, and performance, that these may provide, as routing elements. Thus, there is a need for metric-driven ad-hoc routing, that is, devices should be utilised for routing according to their fitness, as different device types significantly vary in terms of routing fitness. In addition, a concrete agent-based approach can provide a set of advantages over a non-agent-based one, which includes: better design practice; and automatic reconfigurability.This research work aims to investigate the applicability of stationary and mobile agent technology in multi-hop ad-hoc routing. Specifically, this research proposes a novel hybrid, metric-driven, agent-based routing protocol for multi-hop ad-hoc networks that will enhance current routing schemes. The novelties that are expected to be achieved include: maximum network performance, increased scalability, dynamic adaptation, Quality of Service (QoS), energy conservation, reconfigurability, and security. The underlying idea is based on the fact that stationary and mobile agents can be ideal candidates for such dynamic environments due to their advanced characteristics, and thus offer state of the art support in terms of organising the otherwise disoriented network into an efficient and flexible hierarchical structure, classifying the routing fitness of participating devices, and therefore allow intelligent routing decisions to be taken on that basis

MARIAN: A hybrid, metric-driven, agent-based routing protocol for multihop ad-hoc networks

Recent advances in technology provided the ground for highly dynamic, mobile, infrastructure-less networks, namely, ad-hoc networks. Despite their enormous benefits, the full potential cannot be reached unless certain issues are resolved. These mainly involve routing, as the lack of an infrastructure imposes a heavy burden on mobile devices that must maintain location information and route data packets in a multi-hop fashion. Specifically, typical adhoc routing devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), are limited in respect to the available throughput, life-time, and performance, that these may provide, as routing elements. Thus, there is a need for metric-driven ad-hoc routing, that is, devices should be utilised for routing according to their fitness, as different device types significantly vary in terms of routing fitness. In addition, a concrete agent-based approach can provide a set of advantages over a non-agent-based one, which includes: better design practice; and automatic reconfigurability.This research work aims to investigate the applicability of stationary and mobile agent technology in multi-hop ad-hoc routing. Specifically, this research proposes a novel hybrid, metric-driven, agent-based routing protocol for multi-hop ad-hoc networks that will enhance current routing schemes. The novelties that are expected to be achieved include: maximum network performance, increased scalability, dynamic adaptation, Quality of Service (QoS), energy conservation, reconfigurability, and security. The underlying idea is based on the fact that stationary and mobile agents can be ideal candidates for such dynamic environments due to their advanced characteristics, and thus offer state of the art support in terms of organising the otherwise disoriented network into an efficient and flexible hierarchical structure, classifying the routing fitness of participating devices, and therefore allow intelligent routing decisions to be taken on that basis

Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing Protocol for Wireless MANETs

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any centralized access point, infrastructure, or centralized administration. In this paper we introduce an Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) Protocol for MANETs that is based on the Location Aided Routing (LAR). EELAR makes significant reduction in the energy consumption of the mobile nodes batteries by limiting the area of discovering a new route to a smaller zone. Thus, control packets overhead is significantly reduced. In EELAR a reference wireless base station is used and the network's circular area centered at the base station is divided into six equal sub-areas. At route discovery instead of flooding control packets to the whole network area, they are flooded to only the sub-area of the destination mobile node. The base station stores locations of the mobile nodes in a position table. To show the efficiency of the proposed protocol we present simulations using NS-2. Simulation results show that EELAR protocol makes an improvement in control packet overhead and delivery ratio compared to AODV, LAR, and DSR protocols.Comment: 9 Pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, Impact factor 0.423, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis