THE INDOOR SPACE AS A DISTINCT ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORY FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS

The words "environment" and "space" demonstrate distinct spatial units. It must be questioned whether the internal space, seen as an analytical subcategory of space, adds specificities of this type of designation. Therefore, if indoor is a subcategory of space, then its characteristics and types of representation must be observed and analyzed considering aspects of space. The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics of the indoor space unit as a subcategory of space. The “space” terminology applied to specify the indoor spatial unit has some features of spatial analysis that allow a broader and deeper spectrum as an object of study. Compared to space, the "environment" proves to be limited to represent the characteristics of the indoor. The intern must be understood as a space within a space, inserting a subcategory of the urban space, however, it is never seen as in its entirety. The totality does not observe space as it is, but everything within it. Space, as a creation of man, allows the creation of subspaces with no connection to the outside, in the category called indoor contributing to the analysis procedures based on the understanding of their relationships

Extending indoor open street mapping environments to navigable 3D citygml building models: Emergency response assessment

© Authors 2018. Disaster scenarios in high-rise buildings such as the Address Downtown, Dubai or Grenfell Tower, London have showed ones again the importance of data information availability for emergency management in buildings. 3D visualization of indoor routing services using extensive and high quality geographic data sources is essential for spatial analysis in emergency responses. In order to facilitate emergency response simulations, a combination of geometrical, graphical and semantic information is essential. Successful and efficient emergency evacuation responses is facilitated by the availability of both digital static and dynamic information of the incident site. However, interruptions may be encountered with the availability of dynamic data, where static data developed using indoor navigation ontologies serve as an alternative to inform the first responders. Thus, it is necessary to obtain a firm, interactive and quasi-realistic virtual simulation of the building environments. Voxelized CityGML models imported into voxel based hazard simulation systems fits well into the simulation algorithm requirements (Groger et al., 2008; Moreno et.al, 2010). Therefore, the research investigates an alternative platform for generating CityGML spatial analysis models. LoD4 models are developed using Computer Aided Design (Auto CAD) 2D files, crowdsourced geo-data (OpenStreetMap) and open source tools. A combination of software packages is utilized for 3D reconstruction of building interiors. This process is achieved through a Java application developed by researchers at Heidelberg University. Conclusions drawn from the research validate the 3D CityGML model generation process as an international standard to effectively enhance the outcome of emergency evacuation simulations of high rise buildings

Three dimensional compact abstract cell complexes topological data structure for buildings in CityGML

As the significance of visualising objects in three dimensional is now recognised, most city modelling approaches support 3D primitives in the construction (3D) of objects and visualisation. Although the visualisation of city models is in 3D, the topological information maintained remains in two dimensional (2D). This hinders the 3D model to serve its full potential, as the topological information that gives meaning to the objects is not preserved explicitly. The support of 3D topology is crucial for 3D spatial analysis that requires connectivity information and adjacencies in order to produce accurate output in 3D. This research investigates the implementation of a 3D topological model specifically using the Compact Abstract Cell Complexes (CACC) topological data structure for preserving the topological information of buildings in City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML). As the international standard for city modelling, the topological component of CityGML is in 2D via the simple topology-incidence. The use of the simple topology-incidence mechanism within CityGML allows only explicitly stored surfaces can be referenced. This then brings up the issue of inconsistent visualisation which is usually resolved by modelling the two buildings with two separate surfaces representing the common surface. However, the connectivity information between the two connected buildings are not preserved in CityGML as they do not share the same explicitly stored surface. Three objectives were established for the study namely to determine the specifications of a topological data structure for preserving topological information of buildings in CityGML, to implement a topological structure for buildings in CityGML that supports connectivity queries and adjacency analyses for city modelling, and to validate the proposed topological data structure in terms of geometric and topological properties in comparison to the existing CityGML topology mechanism. Several tasks were carried out to complete this research, including extraction of geometrical properties from CityGML, generation of topological links, adjacency analysis using topological information, and visualisation of 3D model and adjacency analysis results. The absence of a comprehensive topological model within CityGML made it necessary to use the geometric properties of the buildings in CityGML as a stand-in model to extract the topological properties that would subsequently be the basis for generating topological links. The CACC topological model preserves topological information by building topological links where points are connected to build alpha-0 links (1D lines), alpha-0 links are connected to build alpha-1 links (2D surfaces), alpha-1 links are connected to build alpha-2 links (3D volumes) and alpha-3 links represent the connectivity between 3D buildings. This allows connectivity between elements of different dimension as any link can be decomposed to its related lower dimension elements. Next, by implementing CACC topological model, the connectivity information for two buildings that are connected but modelled with two separate surfaces can be preserved. The support of topological information via the CACC topological model also allows the seamless execution of adjacency queries between building elements, including elements of different dimensions

Urban Navigation Handling Openstreetmap Data for an Easy to Drive Route

Atualmente, os cidadãos podem escolher as suas opções de viagem com base no tempo, distância, emissões, consumo, entre outros parâmetros. Não obstante, a literatura indica que os sistemas de planeamento de rotas atuais têm, maioritariamente, por base a distância e o tempo. Com efeito, verificou-se uma falta de sistemas de planeamento de rotas que se preocupem com as preferências dos utilizadores num ponto de vista mais qualitativo. Este projeto de investigação desenvolve um framework de planeamento de rotas com a integração de diferentes atributos da rede rodoviária como semáforos, passadeiras e paragens de autocarro, com o objetivo de providenciar aos utilizadores a opção de evitar estes mesmos atributos, oferecendo uma opção easy drive, nomeadamente em ambiente urbano. O estudo foi conduzido através de dados georreferenciados da cidade de Lisboa, Portugal. No entanto, é transferível para qualquer outra cidade. O algoritmo providencia alternativas para a rota mais curta, easy drive e rota balanceada, considerando apenas um modo de viagem: carro/mota. O modelo foi desenvolvido no PostgreSQL com a extensão PostGIS e PgRouting, e os resultados foram visualizados no software QGIS. O software permite customizar pesos para cada uma das restrições para a escolha das rotas e estes pesos são modificados com o objetivo de encontrar o caminho ótimo consoante as preferências de cada utilizador.Currently, citizens can choose their travel options based on time, distance, consumption, emission, among other parameters. Nevertheless, the literature indicates that current route planning systems are based on distance and time. In fact, there is a lack of route planning systems which are concerned with users' preferences from a more qualitative point of view. This research project develops a route planning framework with the integration of different road network features like traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, and bus stops, to provide users with the option to avoid these features, offering an easy drive option, namely in an urban environment. The study was conducted using georeferenced data from the city of Lisbon, Portugal. However, it is transferable to any other city. The algorithm provides alternatives for the shortest route, easy drive, and balanced route, considering only one travel mode: car/motorbike. The model was developed in PostgreSQL with the PostGIS extension and PgRouting, and the results were visualized in QGIS software. The software allows to custom weights for each of the constraints for route choices, and these weights are modified to find the optimal route according to the preferences of each user

A Data Model for Using OpenStreetMap to Integrate Indoor and Outdoor Route Planning

With a rapidly-growing volume of volunteered geographic information (VGI), there is an increasing trend towards using VGI to provide location-based services. In this study, we investigate using OpenStreetMap data to integrate indoor and outdoor route planning for pedestrians. To support indoor and outdoor route planning, in this paper, we focus on the connections inside buildings and propose a data model, which uses OSM primitives (nodes, ways and relations) and tags to capture horizontal and vertical indoor components, as well as the connection between indoor and outdoor environments. A set of new approaches is developed to support indoor modeling and mapping. Based on the proposed data model, we present a workflow that enables automatic generation of a routing graph and provide an algorithm to calculate integrated indoor-outdoor routes. We applied our data model to a set of test cases. The application results demonstrate the capability of our data model in modeling built environments and its feasibility for the integration of indoor and outdoor navigation

A Data Model for Using OpenStreetMap to Integrate Indoor and Outdoor Route Planning

With a rapidly-growing volume of volunteered geographic information (VGI), there is an increasing trend towards using VGI to provide location-based services. In this study, we investigate using OpenStreetMap data to integrate indoor and outdoor route planning for pedestrians. To support indoor and outdoor route planning, in this paper, we focus on the connections inside buildings and propose a data model, which uses OSM primitives (nodes, ways and relations) and tags to capture horizontal and vertical indoor components, as well as the connection between indoor and outdoor environments. A set of new approaches is developed to support indoor modeling and mapping. Based on the proposed data model, we present a workflow that enables automatic generation of a routing graph and provide an algorithm to calculate integrated indoor-outdoor routes. We applied our data model to a set of test cases. The application results demonstrate the capability of our data model in modeling built environments and its feasibility for the integration of indoor and outdoor navigation

Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Production Systems and Logistics (CPSL 2021)

Proceedings of the CPSL 202