Capacity of optical reading, Part 1: Reading boundless error-free bits using a single photon

We show that nature imposes no fundamental upper limit to the number of information bits per expended photon that can, in principle, be read reliably when classical data is encoded in a medium that can only passively modulate the amplitude and phase of the probe light. We show that with a coherent-state (laser) source, an on-off (amplitude-modulation) pixel encoding, and shot-noise-limited direct detection (an overly-optimistic model for commercial CD/DVD drives), the highest photon information efficiency achievable in principle is about 0.5 bit per transmitted photon. We then show that a coherent-state probe can read unlimited bits per photon when the receiver is allowed to make joint (inseparable) measurements on the reflected light from a large block of phase-modulated memory pixels. Finally, we show an example of a spatially-entangled non-classical light probe and a receiver design---constructable using a single-photon source, beam splitters, and single-photon detectors---that can in principle read any number of error-free bits of information. The probe is a single photon prepared in a uniform coherent superposition of multiple orthogonal spatial modes, i.e., a W-state. The code, target, and joint-detection receiver complexity required by a coherent-state transmitter to achieve comparable photon efficiency performance is shown to be much higher in comparison to that required by the W-state transceiver.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, v3 includes a new plot characterizing the photon efficiency vs. encoding efficiency tradeoff for optical reading. The main technical body of the paper remains unaltere

Optical code division multiple access systems in AlGaInAs/InP

The rise of photonic integration makes optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) worth revisiting due to its promising role in future all-optical networks. OCDMA has the potential to exploit the surplus bandwidth of optical fibres and to carry over to the optical domain the benefits seen CDMA radio communication systems, such as the effective sharing of the spectrum for multiple network subscribers, and resistance to jamming and eavesdropping. One of the major requirements for the deployment of OCDMA in networks is integration. This thesis presents a research study of integrated OCDMA systems using the AlGaInAs/InP semiconductor material system. This material is considered due to its useful intrinsic properties such as thermal stability, strong electron confinement, and low threshold, making it suitable for fabricating optoelectronic devices. Two bespoke OCDMA systems are considered for integration: coherent temporal phase coding (TPC), and incoherent wavelength-hopping time-spreading (WHTS) OCDMA systems. TPC systems are excellent for high speed communications due to their static en/decoding enabling features. In this research, a 2×2 asymmetric Mach Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) is used to generate a 2-bit phase code, allowing multiplexing for up to four users. A semiconductor mode-locked ring laser is also embedded in the circuit, and using a synchronous mode-locking method, adequate signal en/decoding is achieved. WHTS systems on the other hand fully exploit the spectral and temporal space available in networks by assigning each user with a unique wavelength-time hop sequence for en/decoding data signals. Here, a mode-locked laser array is used with intracavity distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) for spectrally tuning each laser, and a 4:1 multimode interference coupler is used to combine the laser signals into a single channel for amplification, modulation and transmission. The integrated system is fully characterised and synchronisation experiments are performed to show the potential for its use in high speed multi-user networks. Mode-locked lasers play an important role in many OCDMA implementations due to their wide spectrum and discrete temporal properties, which can be easily exploited during data en/decoding. Various mode-locked laser devices have been studied during this research with additional embedded components such as intracavity DBRs and phase controllers for precise tuning of the wavelength and pulse repetition frequency. However, the noisy nature of passively operating mode-locked lasers make them prone to high jitter, which can result in high bit error rates. Synchronisation schemes are thereby explored in order to temporally stabilise the pulse oscillations to make them suitable for use in long haul transmission systems. This includes synchronous and hybrid mode-locking, as well as a passive technique using an optical fibre loop to provide phase feedback, which is shown to promote ultralow RF linewidths in mode-locked lasers

Optical fiber transmission systems for in-door next generation broadband access network.

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University London.This thesis investigates the generation and radio-over-fibre (RoF) transport of unlicensed 60 GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency band. The investigated benefits of transmission schemes applicable for the mm-wave generation include optical carrier suppression (OCS), optical frequency multiplication (OFM) and remote heterodyne detection (RHD). For the in-door cabling of the mm-wave transmission, a low-cost polymer optical fibre (POF) along with bend-insensitive single mode fibre (BI-SMF) has been investigated for short-range networks. Transporting mm-wave generated signals over POF and BI-SMF cables based on OCS scheme showed results with the highest spectral efficiency and least inter-symbol interference over a 2.5 Gbit/s data delivery. Based on this thesis analysis, OCS simulation of POF showed the most reliable power penalty performance and receiver sensitivity at 30-m whilst the BI-SMF fiber produced equal observations at 150-m and more. In observing the free space links of delivering the RoF signal, the attenuation on the received signal power for both POF and BI-SMF was insignificant but expected, as the simulation assumed complete and total collimation of the light beams onto the aperture of the photodetector. OCS scheme for mm-wave generation and transport was explored based on the cost effectiveness of using one external modulator compared to other generation schemes that utilised more than one external modulator. OFM scheme was simulated to transport LTE and Wi-Fi signals along with 60 GHz RF band through both SMF and MMF-POF/BI-SMF cables. OFM transport scheme produced the highest attenuation on LTE, Wi-Fi and mm-wave signals carrying 100 Mbit/s data as simulated POF lengths increased. The best performance POF length was observed at 10-m. The application of offset launch technique at the coupling of SMF and POF showed insignificant improvement on signal bandwidth. The free space OFM transmission also demonstrated negligible change to the received signal power. This reinforces the attributes of deploying OWC system in an in-door environment. In other investigation, the simulated successful delivery of mm-wave signal using RHD scheme modulated and transported 10 Gbit/s data signal over POF and BI-SMF cables. Additional observed unrecorded result also showed BI-SMF cable maintained a 2% reduction of received power for 450-m fiber cable from 150-m. The attributes to RHD includes its low operating power system application and delivery of localised 60 GHz signal for uplink RoF transmission. The conceptualised design of Gigabit data delivery for indoor customer applications either through POF or BI-SMF cable, transporting various wireless channels has been presented in this thesis for the design of a robust next generation Broadband access network to reinforce the fiber-inside-the-home (FiTH) deployment

A resilient 2-D waveguide communication fabric for hybrid wired-wireless NoC design

Hybrid wired-wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has emerged as an alternative solution to the poor scalability and performance issues of conventional wireline NoC design for future System-on-Chip (SoC). Existing feasible wireless solution for WiNoCs in the form of millimeter wave (mm-Wave) relies on free space signal radiation which has high power dissipation with high degradation rate in the signal strength per transmission distance. Moreover, over the lossy wireless medium, combining wireless and wireline channels drastically reduces the total reliability of the communication fabric. Surface wave has been proposed as an alternative wireless technology for low power on-chip communication. With the right design considerations, the reliability and performance benefits of the surface wave channel could be extended. In this paper, we propose a surface wave communication fabric for emerging WiNoCs that is able to match the reliability of traditional wireline NoCs. First, we propose a realistic channel model which demonstrates that existing mm-Wave WiNoCs suffers from not only free-space spreading loss (FSSL) but also molecular absorption attenuation (MAA), especially at high frequency band, which reduces the reliability of the system. Consequently, we employ a carefully designed transducer and commercially available thin metal conductor coated with a low cost dielectric material to generate surface wave signals with improved transmission gain. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed communication fabric can achieve a 5dB operational bandwidth of about 60GHz around the center frequency (60GHz). By improving the transmission reliability of wireless layer, the proposed communication fabric can improve maximum sustainable load of NoCs by an average of 20.9% and 133.3% compared to existing WiNoCs and wireline NoCs, respectively

A Resilient 2-D Waveguide Communication Fabric for Hybrid Wired-Wireless NoC Design

Hybrid wired-wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has emerged as an alternative solution to the poor scalability and performance issues of conventional wireline NoC design for future System-on-Chip (SoC). Existing feasible wireless solution for WiNoCs in the form of millimeter wave (mm-Wave) relies on free space signal radiation which has high power dissipation with high degradation rate in the signal strength per transmission distance. Moreover, over the lossy wireless medium, combining wireless and wireline channels drastically reduces the total reliability of the communication fabric. Surface wave has been proposed as an alternative wireless technology for low power on-chip communication. With the right design considerations, the reliability and performance benefits of the surface wave channel could be extended. In this paper, we propose a surface wave communication fabric for emerging WiNoCs that is able to match the reliability of traditional wireline NoCs. First, we propose a realistic channel model which demonstrates that existing mm-Wave WiNoCs suffers from not only free-space spreading loss (FSSL) but also molecular absorption attenuation (MAA), especially at high frequency band, which reduces the reliability of the system. Consequently, we employ a carefully designed transducer and commercially available thin metal conductor coated with a low cost dielectric material to generate surface wave signals with improved transmission gain. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed communication fabric can achieve a 5dB operational bandwidth of about 60GHz around the center frequency (60GHz). By improving the transmission reliability of wireless layer, the proposed communication fabric can improve maximum sustainable load of NoCs by an average of 20:9% and 133:3% compared to existing WiNoCs and wireline NoCs, respectively

A resilient 2-D waveguide communication fabric for hybrid wired-wireless NoC design

Hybrid wired-wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has emerged as an alternative solution to the poor scalability and performance issues of conventional wireline NoC design for future System-on-Chip (SoC). Existing feasible wireless solution for WiNoCs in the form of millimeter wave (mm-Wave) relies on free space signal radiation which has high power dissipation with high degradation rate in the signal strength per transmission distance. Moreover, over the lossy wireless medium, combining wireless and wireline channels drastically reduces the total reliability of the communication fabric. Surface wave has been proposed as an alternative wireless technology for low power on-chip communication. With the right design considerations, the reliability and performance benefits of the surface wave channel could be extended. In this paper, we propose a surface wave communication fabric for emerging WiNoCs that is able to match the reliability of traditional wireline NoCs. First, we propose a realistic channel model which demonstrates that existing mm-Wave WiNoCs suffers from not only free-space spreading loss (FSSL) but also molecular absorption attenuation (MAA), especially at high frequency band, which reduces the reliability of the system. Consequently, we employ a carefully designed transducer and commercially available thin metal conductor coated with a low cost dielectric material to generate surface wave signals with improved transmission gain. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed communication fabric can achieve a 5dB operational bandwidth of about 60GHz around the center frequency (60GHz). By improving the transmission reliability of wireless layer, the proposed communication fabric can improve maximum sustainable load of NoCs by an average of 20:9% and 133:3% compared to existing WiNoCs and wireline NoCs, respectively

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2003, nr 1

kwartalni

Performance improvement of SS-WDM passive optical networks using semiconductor optical amplifiers: Modeling and experiment

Les sources incohérentes sont proposées comme alternatives aux lasers stabilisés en longueur d'onde pour réduire le coût des réseaux optiques passifs utilisant le multiplexage par longueur d'onde découpée dans le spectre (SS-WDM PONs). À cause de leur nature incohérente, ces sources génèrent au récepteur un large bruit d'intensité. Ce bruit limite l'efficacité spectrale et/ou le taux binaire pouvant être achevé. Cette thèse étudie l'utilisation des amplificateurs optique à semi-conducteur SOAs pour nettoyer le bruit d'intensité. De plus, lors de cette thèse, nous explorons les outils numériques et expérimentaux qui nous permettent d'analyser les performances des SOAs dans le cadre de systèmes de communication multi-canaux, incluant le SS-WDM. Nous présentons des modèles mathématiques pour le bruit d'intensité, ce bruit étant celui qui limite les performances des systèmes de communication utilisant des sources incohérentes. Nous discutons les dynamiques complexes des SOAs et présentons les équations qui gouvernent l'évolution des porteurs de charges dans ces amplificateurs. Nous identifions et soulignons l'effet des paramètres les plus importants, qui affectent le processus ainsi que la dynamique de nettoyage du bruit d'intensité. Nous passons en revue, les différentes techniques de nettoyage de bruit avec les SOAs, qui ont démontré les meilleurs résultats connus. De plus, nous effectuons une revue de littérature poussée pour ce qui a attrait au problème de post-filtrage lorsque le SOA est placé au transmetteur, avant la modulation. Notre première contribution pendant ce travail de recherche est de démontrer, en utilisant l'intermodulation de gain d'un SOA au récepteur pour convertir le signal incohérent en laser cohérent, une amélioration significative du taux d'erreur binaire BER. Cette méthode est spectralement efficace, d'autant plus qu'elle ne souffre point la limitation occasionnée par le post-filtrage au récepteur. En contre partie elle nécessite un ample budget de puissance qui doit assurer une saturation suffisante de l'amplificateur au récepteur. Une source laser est aussi nécessaire au récepteur. Ceci est un inconvénient, même si une telle source n'ait pas besoin d'une quelconque stabilisation. Pour contourner le problème causé par le post-filtrage quand le SOA est au transmetteur, nous proposons un nouveau récepteur pour les systèmes de communication WDM, qui permet de mieux garder le nettoyage de bruit, et ce malgré le filtrage optique au récepteur. La nouvelle méthode consiste en un détecteur balancé utilisé au récepteur: d'un bord, tous les canaux sont détectés sans distinction. De l'autre, le signal désiré est bloqué pendant que tous les autres canaux sont détectés. Avec cette méthode, il est facile de saturer l'amplificateur pour une meilleure suppression de bruit tout en évitant en grande partie la dégradation causé par le post-filtrage. Nous avons expérimentalement démontré un système WDM dense de 8 x 10 Gbps avec une source incohérente et un SOA en saturation. Une autre contribution originale de ce travail est le développement d'un outil de simulation pour les SOAs qui est numériquement plus efficace et léger que les modèles connus à ce jour. Nous avons donc développé un modèle théorique simple, pouvant être implémenté par diagramme block, dans le but de simuler les performances des hens de communications WDM. Notre modèle démontre une bonne concordance avec les résultats expérimentaux ainsi qu'une diminution de temps de calcul de l'ordre de 20 fois. Finalement, lors de la dernière partie de ces travaux, nous nous sommes occupés de mesurer, de façon précise, le temps de recouvrement du gain dans un SOA. Le temps de recouvrement des porteurs dans un SOA est un des paramètres les plus importants qui sont à l'origine du phénomène de nettoyage de bruit et qui régissent le comportement ainsi que les dynamiques de l'amplificateur. Nous avons étudié en particulier, la dépendance de ce temps de recouvrement r de la longueur d'onde. Pour le SOA utilisé lors de notre étude expérimentale, nous avons démontré que r dépendait de la longueur d'onde de façon similaire au spectre de gain. Ces mesures ont été possibles grâce au développement d'un nouveau dispositif de mesure pompe/sonde, qui permettait de mesurer le recouvrement du gain pour une pompe et une sonde à la même longueur d'onde et ayant le même état de polarisation