A Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of the multi-hop IoB-DTN routing protocol

International audienceFollowing the trend of the Internet of Thing, public transport systems are seen as an efficient bearer of mobile devices to generate and collect data in urban environments. Bicycle sharing system is one part of the city's larger transport system. In this article, we study the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We evaluate the performances of the protocol with respect to the transmission power. Performances are measured in terms of delivery rate, delivery delay, throughput and energy cost. We also compare the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol to a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology. LPWAN have been designed to provide cost-effective wide area connectivity for small throughput IoT applications: multiyear lifetime and multikilometer range for battery-operated mobile devices. This work aims at providing network designers and managers insights on the most relevant technology for their urban applications that could run on bike sharing systems. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to provide a detailed performance comparison between multi-hop and long range DTN-like protocol being applied to mobile network IoT devices running a data collection applications in an urban environment

Internet of Bikes: A DTN Protocol with Data Aggregation for Urban Data Collection

International audienceIntelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are an essential part of the global world. They play a substantial role for facing many issues such as traffic jams, high accident rates, unhealthy lifestyles, air pollution, etc. Public bike sharing system is one part of ITS and can be used to collect data from mobiles devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient, " Internet of Bikes " , IoB-DTN routing protocol based on data aggregation which applies the Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to Internet of Things (IoT) applications running data collection on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We propose and evaluate three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatiotemporal aggregation (IoB-STA). The simulation results show that the three variants offer the best performances regarding several metrics, comparing to IoB-DTN without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. In an urban application, the choice of the type of which variant of IoB should be used depends on the sensed values

For An Efficient Internet of Bikes : A DTN Routing Protocol Based On Data Aggregation Approach

International audienceNowadays, cities are facing an increasing number of bikes used by citizens therefore the need of monitoring and managing their traffic becomes crucial. With the development of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in smart city, public bike sharing system has been considered as an urban transportation system that can collect data from mobile devices. In such network, the biggest challenge for sensor nodes is to forward data to sinks in an energy efficient way because of the following limitations: limited energy resources, limited storage capacity and limited bandwidth. Data aggregation is a key mechanism to save energy consumption and network capacity. It can be defined as an approach to combine data of various sensors into a single packet, thus reducing sensor communication costs and achieving a longer network lifetime. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce an efficient, "Internet of Bikes", IoB-DTN routing protocol based on data aggregation being applied to mobile network IoT devices running a data collection application on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. We propose three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatio-temporal aggregation (IoB-STA). We compare the three variants with the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. Comparison results verify that the three variants of IoB-DTN based on data aggregation improve the delivery rate, energy consumption and throughput

Supporting Transportation System Management and Operations Using Internet of Things Technology

Low power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology aims to provide long range and low power wireless communication. It can serve as an alternative technology for data transmissions in many application scenarios (e.g., parking monitoring and remote flood sensing). In order to explore its feasibility in transportation systems, this project conducted a review of relevant literature to understand the current status of LPWAN applications. An online survey that targeted professionals concerned with transportation was also developed to elicit input about their experiences in using LPWAN technology for their projects. The literature review and survey results showed that LPWAN’s application in the U.S. is still in an early stage. Many agencies were not familiar with LPWAN technology, and only a few off-the-shelf LPWAN products are currently available that may be directly used for transportation systems. To conceptually explore data transmission, a set of lab tests, using a primary LPWAN technology, namely LoRa, were performed on a university campus area as well as in a rural area. The lab tests showed that several key factors, such as the mounting heights of devices, distance between the gateway and sensor nodes, and brands of devices affected the LPWAN’s performance. Building upon these efforts, the research team proposed a high-level field test plan for facilitating a potential Phase 2 study that will address primary technical issues concerning the feasibility of transmitting data of different sizes, data transmission frequency, and transmission rate, deployment requirements, etc

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems : An Assessment of Applicability to Make-to-Order Companies.

Many vendors of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems claim their software is widely applicable - configurable to meet the needs of any business, whatever the product or service offering. But Make-To-Order (MTO) companies, which produce high-variety and bespoke products, have particularly challenging decision support requirements, leading to questions about the effectiveness of ERP. This thesis takes a contingency-based perspective, assessing both the applicability and impact of ERP systems on MTO companies. A theoretical assessment is first provided based on a comprehensive literature review. This suggests a substantial misalignment does exist between ERP functionality and MTO requirements and calls for empirical research into the applicability and impact on ERP systems on MTO companies. This thesis addresses this gap through a mixed method study in which a survey is followed by case research. The survey is both explanatory and exploratory and compares MTO with Make-To-Stock (MTS) companies. Significant differences are found between the adoption of ERP systems in MTO and MTS companies. At an exploratory level, for example, MTO companies find ERP system selection more difficult than MTS companies while many non-adopters, particularly MTO nonadopters, claim ERP would not suit their needs. At an explanatory level, for example, Customer Enquiry Management (CEM) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) are the best-utilised functionality by MTO companies, leading to improved performance but the effectiveness of Product Configurator (PC) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) functionality could not be demonstrated. The case study research involved two MTO adopters and one MTO non-adopter. While two cases had implemented ERP, only high-level functionality was in operation to get an overview of the status of company resources and processes. This is because there is not only a gap between the software available and MTO decision support requirements, but also between the expertise required to utilise the software and that found in small MTO companies in practice. Finally, this thesis has focused on comparing decision support requirements with ERP functionality and performance at a given planning stage. Future research should investigate the knock-on effects of planning at one stage on the effectiveness of planning at subsequent stages

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed