A business and legislative perspective of V2X and mobility applications in 5G networks

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is a powerful concept that not only ensures public safety (e.g., by avoiding road accidents) but also offers many economic benefits (e.g., by optimizing the macroscopic behavior of the traffic across an area). On the one hand, V2X communication brings new business opportunities for many stakeholders, such as vehicle manufacturers, retailers, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), V2X service providers, and governments. On the other hand, the convergence of these stakeholders to a common platform possesses many technical and business challenges. In this article, we identify the issues and challenges faced by V2X communications, while focusing on the business models. We propose different solutions to potentially resolve the identified challenges in the framework of 5G networks and propose a high-level hierarchy of a potential business model for a 5G-based V2X ecosystem. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the legislative status of V2X communications across different regions in the world

Cybersecurity and Digital Privacy Aspects of V2X in the EV Charging Structure

With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, electric vehicles (EVs) have grown in popularity. Electric motors, batteries, and charging systems are considered major components of EVs. The electric power infrastructure has been designed to accommodate the needs of EVs, with an emphasis on bidirectional power flow to facilitate power exchange. Furthermore, the communication infrastructure has been enhanced to enable cars to communicate and exchange information with one another, also known as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. V2X is positioned to become a bigger and smarter system in the future of transportation, thanks to upcoming digital technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Distributed Ledger Technology, and the Internet of Things. However, like with any technology that includes data collection and sharing, there are issues with digital privacy and cybersecurity. This paper addresses these concerns by creating a multi-layer Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) architecture to investigate possible privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with V2X. Using the CPSS paradigm, this research explores the interaction of EV infrastructure as a very critical part of the V2X ecosystem, digital privacy, and cybersecurity concerns

Road Infrastructure Challenges Faced by Automated Driving: A Review

Automated driving can no longer be referred to as hype or science fiction but rather a technology that has been gradually introduced to the market. The recent activities of regulatory bodies and the market penetration of automated driving systems (ADS) demonstrate that society is exhibiting increasing interest in this field and gradually accepting new methods of transport. Automated driving, however, does not depend solely on the advances of onboard sensor technology or artificial intelligence (AI). One of the essential factors in achieving trust and safety in automated driving is road infrastructure, which requires careful consideration. Historically, the development of road infrastructure has been guided by human perception, but today we are at a turning point at which this perspective is not sufficient. In this study, we review the limitations and advances made in the state of the art of automated driving technology with respect to road infrastructure in order to identify gaps that are essential for bridging the transition from human control to self-driving. The main findings of this study are grouped into the following five clusters, characterised according to challenges that must be faced in order to cope with future mobility: international harmonisation of traffic signs and road markings, revision of the maintenance of the road infrastructure, review of common design patterns, digitalisation of road networks, and interdisciplinarity. The main contribution of this study is the provision of a clear and concise overview of the interaction between road infrastructure and ADS as well as the support of international activities to define the requirements of road infrastructure for the successful deployment of ADS

Study on the Implementation of Autonomous Driving Communications with 5G

V zadnjih desetletjih je tehnološki napredek povzročil razvoj številnih novih idej in področij, ki pomembno prispevajo k izboljšanju kakovosti življenja ljudi. Ena od takšnih, ki se obeta v bližnji prihodnosti, je tudi avtonomna vožnja. Čeprav so v preteklosti znanstveniki že poskušali uresničiti izdelavo samovozečega avtomobila, razpoložljive tehnologije do danes niso zmogle izpolnjevati potrebnih zahtev. Peta generacija mobilnih sistemov, poznana kot 5G, je prvo tehnološko področje, ki predstavlja obetaven element pri realizaciji popolnoma avtonomne vožnje. Cilj tega magistrskega dela je bil raziskati, ali je omrežje 5G iz 3GPP Release 15 sposobno zagotoviti potrebna sredstva za popolno podporo avtonomni vožnji in drugih družin primerov uporabe C-V2X, hkrati pa delovati v izjemno zahtevnih (omrežnih) scenarijih cestnega prometa. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela smo najprej predstavili nekaj najpomembnejših konceptov v paradigmi avtonomnih vozil, ki nam bodo kasneje pomagali bolje razumeti praktični del. Najprej smo s komunikacijskega stališča definirali avtonomno vozilo in njegove komunikacijske potrebe in storitve. Nato smo našteli nekaj najpomembnejših prednosti avtonomnih vozil, pa tudi nekatere najbolj zaskrbljujoče izzive, s katerimi se srečujejo strokovnjaki, ki se razlikujejo od tehnoloških in okoljskih do zakonodajnih in filozofskih. Na kratko smo predstavili tudi Vehicular ad hoc networks, Intelligent transport systems, Vehicle-to-everything in kako bi nadaljnji razvoj takšnih konceptov pozitivno vplival na človeštvo. V zadnjem delu teoretičnega dela smo podrobneje razdelali tehnologijo C-V2X, kjer smo začeli s kratkim pregledom njenega razvoja skozi zgodovino. Gre za tehnologijo, ki uporablja obstoječe celično omrežje za zagotavljanje povezave med vozili, med vozili in infrastrukturo, med vozili in omrežjem ter med vozili in pešci. Vsak nov korak k popolnoma avtonomnemu vozilu prinaša nove sklope še bolj zapletenih izzivov. Na začetku sta bili najpomembnejši tehnologiji, ki sta bili uporabljeni za V2X, DSRC in LTE-based V2X. Čeprav ima LTE-based V2X več 18 Povzetek prednosti v primerjavi z DSRC, sta bila oba presežena z vidika zmogljivosti, ko je bil 5G NR-V2X predstavljen skupaj s 5G celičnim omrežjem. Aplikacije V2X, kot so kooperativno zaznavanje in manevriranje med vozili, vodenje z visoko gostoto vozil in daljinsko vodenje vozil, podajajo težko dosegljive računalniške in komunikacijske zahteve, ki presegajo LTE in DSRC. Večina varnostnih aplikacij V2X zahteva izjemno majhno zakasnitev (pod 10 ms), izjemno visoko zanesljivost (blizu 100 %) in visoko hitrost prenosa podatkov (v območju Gbps). Celično omrežje 5G ima edino dovolj napredno tehnologijo, ki lahko doseže takšne pragove zmogljivosti. Poleg tega smo predstavili načrt 5GAA, ki prikazuje rezultate in napovedi na ključnih prednostnih področjih, kot je pospešek razvoja celičnih tehnologij iz LTEbased V2X v 5G NR-V2X. Teoretični del se konča s prikazom, kako je 5G omogočil več primerov uporabe C-V2X, ki jih prej ni bilo mogoče vzdrževati z LTE kot nosilno tehnologijo, pa tudi kako lahko podpre novejše, bolj zapletene primere uporabe z višjimi zahtevami. Spoznali smo, da so nekateri primeri uporabe C-V2X izjemno zahtevni za omrežje, in sicer do te mere, da se pojavi dvom, ali bodo sploh sposobni delovati v resničnih situacijah. Teoretične raziskave smo dopolnili z vrsto simulacij, z namenom, da bi spremljali zakasnitev paketov in zanesljivost simuliranega omrežja 5G, in jo kasneje primerjali z zahtevami QoS družin primerov uporabe C-V2X. Simulacije so bile izvedene s pomočjo ogrodja OMNeT ++ 5G-Sim-V2I/N, ki omogoča simulacijo primerov uporabe 5G V2I / V2N z aplikacijami, ki obsegajo celotno uporabniško ravnino 5G. Simulirali smo dva različna scenarija cestnega prometa. V prvem scenariju smo simulirali avtocesto, kjer avtomobili vozijo z večjo hitrostjo, kar močno vpliva na delovanje omrežja. V drugem scenariju je bila pobuda izbrati nekaj povsem drugačnega, z namenom, da bi opazovali različne rezultate med dvema skrajnostnima. Zato je bila izbira za drugi scenarij urbano okolje, kjer je veliko ovir, kot so stavbe ali visoka drevesa, ki bi lahko motila komunikacijo. V obeh scenarijih sta bila izmerjena dva parametra QoS za štiri različne aplikacije UDP, ki delujejo vzporedno na več vozilih. Vzporedno izvajane aplikacije so vključevale aplikacije V2X, VoIP klic, video predvajanje in prenos podatkov od in k uporabniku, medtem ko so merjeni KPI vključevali zakasnitev in zanesljivost paketov. Izziv je bil spremljati zmogljivost omrežja v celotnem simulacijskem času in na koncu primerjati končne rezultate s celotnimi zahtevami glede zakasnitve in zanesljivosti nekaterih najzahtevnejših družin primerov uporabe C-V2X, ki naj bi bile Povzetek 19 s pomočjo 5G omrežja izvedljive. Cilj je bil ugotoviti, za katere od teh družin primerov uporabe simulirano omrežje 5G izpolnjuje zahteve. Simulirali smo omrežje 5G po specifikacijah 3GPP Release 15 in rezultate ocenili glede na zakasnitev na celotni komunikacijski poti in zanesljivost. Rezultati so pokazali, da omrežje ne izpolnjuje zahtev, potrebnih za podporo tako skrajnih primerov uporabe v simuliranih scenarijih. Te ugotovitve so nas pripeljale do zaključka, da simulirano omrežje potrebuje nadaljnje izboljšave zmogljivosti, zlasti z vidika znižanja zakasnitev in povečanja zanesljivosti, kar je bilo tudi obljubljeno za prihodnje izdaje 3GPP.In recent decades, technological advances have led to the development of many new ideas and areas that have made an important contribution to improving people\u27s quality of life. Autonomous driving is one area that has resulted from these advances. While attempts have been made in the past to try and facilitate the realization of the self-driving car, the available technologies have never met the needed requirements. However, the recently introduced 5G is believed to be a promising enabler for the fully autonomous vehicle. The goal of this thesis was to investigate whether the 5G network from 3GPP Release 15 is capable of providing the needed resources to fully support autonomous driving and other C-V2X use-case families while simultaneously operating in extremely demanding (network-wise) road traffic scenarios. In the theoretical part of the thesis (in the first four chapters), we firstly introduced some of the most relevant concepts in the autonomous vehicle paradigm, which would later help us better understand the practical part. We begin by defining the autonomous vehicle from a communication standpoint, and its communication needs and services. We continue by listing some of the most important benefits of autonomous vehicles, as well as some of the most troubling challenges that experts face, varying from technological and environmental challenges to legislative and philosophical ones. We also briefly present Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Intelligent Transport Systems, Vehicle-to-Everything and how the further development of such concepts would have a positive impact on humanity. The fourth chapter discusses the C-V2X technology, beginning with a brief overview of its evolution throughout history. It is a technology that uses the existing cellular network to provide the vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicleto-network, and vehicle-to-pedestrian connections. Every new step towards a fully autonomous vehicle brings about new sets of even more complicated challenges. In the very beginning, the two most relevant technologies used for V2X were DSRC and the LTE-based V2X. Although the LTE- 22 Abstract based V2X has multiple advantages compared to DSRC, they both got outclassed, in terms of performance, once 5G NR-V2X was introduced along with the 5G cellular network. V2X applications, such as cooperative sensing and maneuvering, high-density platooning and teleoperated driving, show hard-to-meet computing and communication demands, well beyond what LTE and DSRC can provide. Most V2X safety applications demand ultra-low latency (below 10 ms), ultra-high reliability (near 100%), and a high data rate (in the Gbps range). The 5G cellular network is the only cellular technology advanced enough to be capable of reaching such performance thresholds. In addition, we presented the 5GAA roadmap which shows the results and predictions in the key priority areas, such as the acceleration of the evolution of cellular technologies from the LTE-based V2X towards the 5G NR-V2X. The theoretical part ends by showing how 5G has enabled more C-V2X use cases that were previously impossible to sustain with LTE as the underlying technology, as well as how it has introduced newer, more complex use cases with higher requirements. It quickly became clear that some of the C-V2X use cases are extremely demanding on the network, to the point where a lot of doubts arose whether they would be able to operate in real-life situations. The theoretical research was complemented with a series of simulations in order to monitor the packet delay and reliability of the simulated 5G network, which would later be compared to the QoS requirements of the C-V2X use-case families. The simulations were executed with the help of the OMNeT++ framework 5G-Sim-V2I/N which enables to simulate 5G V2I/V2N use cases with applications comprising the whole 5G user plane. We have simulated two different road-traffic scenarios. In the first scenario, we simulated a motorway where the cars drive at higher speeds, which can have a huge effect on the network\u27s performance. In the second scenario, the initiative was to choose something completely different from the first one in order to observe different results between two extremes. Hence, the choice for the second scenario was an urban environment with heterogeneous road characteristics and buildings that act as obstacles which interfere with the signals. In both scenarios, two QoS parameters were measured for four different UDP applications running in parallel, on multiple cars. The running parallel applications included a V2X application, a VoIP call, a video stream, and a data download/upload, while the measured KPIs included packet delay and reliability. The challenge was to monitor the network performance throughout the simulation, and in the end compare Abstract 23 the final results with the end-to-end latency and reliability requirements of some of the most demanding C-V2X use-case families, which were said to have been enabled by the 5G network. The objective was to find out for which of these C-V2X use-case families the simulated network met the requirements. We have simulated the 5G network from 3GPP Release 15 and have evaluated our results in terms of end-to-end-latency and reliabilityit quickly became clear that the network did not meet the requirements needed to support such extreme use-case families in the simulated scenarios. These findings brought us to the conclusion that the simulated network is in need of serious performance enhancements, in terms of lowering its latency and increasing its reliability, both of which have been promised for future 3GPP release

Project BeARCAT : Baselining, Automation and Response for CAV Testbed Cyber Security : Connected Vehicle & Infrastructure Security Assessment

Connected, software-based systems are a driver in advancing the technology of transportation systems. Advanced automated and autonomous vehicles, together with electrification, will help reduce congestion, accidents and emissions. Meanwhile, vehicle manufacturers see advanced technology as enhancing their products in a competitive market. However, as many decades of using home and enterprise computer systems have shown, connectivity allows a system to become a target for criminal intentions. Cyber-based threats to any system are a problem; in transportation, there is the added safety implication of dealing with moving vehicles and the passengers within

Strategic and Tactical Guidance for the Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Future

Autonomous vehicle (AV) and Connected vehicle (CV) technologies are rapidly maturing and the timeline for their wider deployment is currently uncertain. These technologies are expected to have a number of significant societal benefits: traffic safety, improved mobility, improved road efficiency, reduced cost of congestion, reduced energy use, and reduced fuel emissions. State and local transportation agencies need to understand what this means for them and what they need to do now and in the next few years to prepare for the AV/CV future. In this context, the objectives of this research are as follows: Synthesize the existing state of practice and how other state agencies are addressing the pending transition to AV/CV environment Estimate the impacts of AV/CV environment within the context of (a) traffic operations—impact of headway distribution and traffic signal coordination; (b) traffic control devices; (c) roadway safety in terms of intersection crashes Provide a strategic roadmap for INDOT in preparing for and responding to potential issues This research is divided into two parts. The first part is a synthesis study of existing state of practice in the AV/CV context by conducting an extensive literature review and interviews with other transportation agencies. Based on this, we develop a roadmap for INDOT and similar agencies clearly delineating how they should invest in AV/CV technologies in the short, medium, and long term. The second part assesses the impacts of AV/CVs on mobility and safety via modeling in microsimulation software Vissim